Salt marshes are highly productive intertidal wetlands providing important ecological services for maintaining coastal biodiversity, buffering against oceanic storms, and acting as efficient carbon sinks. However, about half of these wetlands have been lost globally due to human activities and climate change. Inundated periodically by tidal water, salt marshes are subjected to strong surface water and groundwater interactions, which affect marsh plant growth and biogeochemical exchange with coastal water. This paper reviews the state of knowledge and current approaches to quantifying marsh surface water and groundwater interactions with a focus on porewater flow and associated soil conditions in connection with plant zonation as well as carbon, nutrients, and greenhouse gas fluxes. Porewater flow and solute transport in salt marshes are primarily driven by tides with moderate regulation by rainfall, evapotranspiration and sea level rise. Tidal fluctuations play a key role in plant zonation through alteration of soil aeration and salt transport, and drive the export of significant fluxes of carbon and nutrients to coastal water. Despite recent progress, major knowledge gaps remain. Previous studies focused on flows in creek-perpendicular marsh sections and overlooked multi-scale 3D behaviors. Understanding of marsh ecological-hydrological links under combined influences of different forcing factors and boundary disturbances is lacking. Variations of surface water and groundwater temperatures affect porewater flow, soil conditions and biogeochemical exchanges, but the extent and underlying mechanisms remain unknown. We need to fill these knowledge gaps to advance understanding of salt marshes and thus enhance our ability to protect and restore them.

中文翻译：

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盐沼地表水和地下水的相互作用及其对植物生态和沿海生物地球化学的影响

盐沼是高产的潮间带湿地，为维持沿海生物多样性、缓冲海洋风暴和作为有效的碳汇提供重要的生态服务。然而，由于人类活动和气候变化，全球约有一半的湿地已经消失。盐沼周期性地被潮汐水淹没，受到强烈的地表水和地下水相互作用的影响，影响了沼泽植物的生长和与沿海水的生物地球化学交换。本文回顾了量化沼泽地表水和地下水相互作用的知识状况和当前方法，重点关注与植物分区以及碳、养分和温室气体通量相关的孔隙水流动和相关土壤条件。盐沼中的孔隙水流动和溶质运移主要受潮汐驱动，受降雨、蒸散和海平面上升的适度调节。潮汐波动通过改变土壤通气和盐分运输在植物区划中发挥关键作用，并推动大量碳和养分向沿海水域输出。尽管最近取得了进展，但仍然存在重大的知识差距。以前的研究侧重于溪流垂直沼泽部分的流动，而忽略了多尺度 3D 行为。缺乏对不同强迫因素和边界扰动共同影响下的沼泽生态-水文联系的理解。地表水和地下水温度的变化会影响孔隙水流动、土壤条件和生物地球化学交换，但其程度和潜在机制仍然未知。