We have experienced an enormous cohesive effort of the scientific community to understand how the immune system reacts to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and how to elicit protective immunity via vaccination. This effort resulted in the development of vaccines in record time with high levels of safety, efficacy, and real-life effectiveness. However, the rapid diffusion of viral variants that escape protective antibodies prompted new studies to understand SARS-CoV-2 vulnerabilities and strategies to guide follow-up actions to increase, and maintain, the protection offered by vaccines. In this review, we report the main findings on human immunity to SARS-CoV-2 after natural infection and vaccination; we dissect the immunogenicity and efficacy of the different vaccination strategies that resulted in products widely used in the population; and we describe the impact of viral variants on vaccine-elicited immunity, summarizing the main discoveries and challenges to stay ahead of SARS-CoV-2 evolution.

中文翻译：

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严重急性呼吸系统综合症冠状病毒 2 (SARS-CoV-2) 疫苗的免疫学和技术

我们经历了科学界为了解免疫系统如何对严重急性呼吸综合征冠状病毒 2 (SARS-CoV-2) 做出反应以及如何通过疫苗接种引发保护性免疫而付出的巨大努力。这项努力导致在创纪录的时间内开发出具有高水平安全性、有效性和现实生活有效性的疫苗。然而，逃避保护性抗体的病毒变体的快速扩散促使新的研究了解 SARS-CoV-2 的脆弱性和指导后续行动以增加和维持疫苗提供的保护的策略。在这篇综述中，我们报告了自然感染和接种疫苗后人类对 SARS-CoV-2 免疫的主要发现；我们剖析了导致产品在人群中广泛使用的不同疫苗接种策略的免疫原性和功效；我们描述了病毒变异对疫苗引发的免疫的影响，总结了主要发现和挑战，以保持领先于 SARS-CoV-2 的进化。