NLES5 is the fifth version of an empirical model for predicting annual nitrate leaching from the root zone (1-meter depth), accounting for effects of nitrogen (N) inputs, crop sequences, autumn and winter crop cover, soil types, and weather conditions. It was developed and calibrated based on a comprehensive nitrate leaching dataset, primarily from Denmark. The model is used for quantifying annual nitrate leaching under Danish soil, weather, and field management practice. The model simulates the effects of N application rate, the presence of a cover crop, and the effects of crop management targeting measures to reduce agricultural nitrate leaching for the improvement of the quality of groundwater and surface water systems. The model takes into account crop and N management effects in the year of nitrate leaching and the two previous years, while long-term effects of N inputs are accounted for via total N in topsoil. The model provides estimates of nitrate leaching for the most important crops grown in Denmark and their management at cropping system level considering effects of soil and climate. The prediction of average annual nitrate leaching following the 13 main crop classes in the model varied from 25 to 170 kg N ha⁻¹ with a model performance (independent validation data (856 observations)) of Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) of 30.8 kg N ha⁻¹ and a coefficient of determination (R²) value of 0.40. The RMSE obtained for the calibration data (2053 observations) was 29.6 kg N ha⁻¹ and the R² was 0.53.

NLES5 是第五版经验模型，用于预测根区（1 米深）的年度硝酸盐淋失，考虑了氮 (N) 输入、作物序列、秋冬季作物覆盖、土壤类型和天气条件的影响. 它是根据主要来自丹麦的综合硝酸盐浸出数据集开发和校准的。该模型用于量化丹麦土壤、天气和田间管理实践下的年度硝酸盐淋失量。该模型模拟了施氮量、覆盖作物的存在以及作物管理针对减少农业硝酸盐浸出以改善地下水和地表水系统质量的措施的影响。该模型考虑了硝酸盐淋失当年和前两年的作物和氮管理效果，而 N 投入的长期影响则通过表土中的总 N 来解释。该模型提供了丹麦种植的最重要作物的硝酸盐浸出估计值，以及考虑土壤和气候影响的种植系统水平的管理。模型中 13 种主要作物类别的年平均硝酸盐淋失量预测在 25 至 170 kg N ha^-1，模型性能（独立验证数据（856 个观测值））的均方根误差 (RMSE) 为 30.8 kg N ha ^-1，决定系数 (R ² ) 值为 0.40。针对校准数据（2053 次观测）获得的 RMSE 为 29.6 kg N ha ^-1，R ²为 0.53。