Introduction

This review examined the impact of ageing, fall history and exercise on postural reflexes and adaptation to unpredictable perturbations.

Methods

MEDLINE, EMBASE, Scopus, SportDiscus and Web of Science were systematically searched for cross-sectional and intervention studies that assessed muscle onset latency following unpredictable postural perturbations in adults (CRD42020170861).

Results

Thirty-seven articles (n = 1257) were included in this review. Older adults had slower onset latencies compared to young adults (mean difference 14 ms, 95% CI: 10, 18, P < 0.001). Regular exercisers had faster onset latencies compared to sedentary/untrained participants (mean difference 11 ms, 95%CI: −19, −4, P = 0.002). Exercise interventions delivered in randomised control trials (RCTs) led to faster onset latencies (mean difference −4 ms, 95%CI: −9, 0, P = 0.04) compared to controls. Uncontrolled clinical trials of exercise (mainly short-term) did not show changes in onset latency in pre-post tests (mean difference −2 ms, 95%CI: −5, 1, P = 0.36).

Conclusion

This review demonstrated that in response to postural perturbation, muscle activation is significantly delayed in older compared to young adults, and that adults who regularly exercised had faster muscle activation compared to their less active counterparts. No significant changes in onset latencies were evident in uncontrolled clinical trials of short duration, but longer-term RCTs indicated postural reflexes are responsive to training.

中文翻译：

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衰老、跌倒史和运动对不可预测扰动后姿势反射的影响：系统评价和荟萃分析

介绍

本综述研究了衰老、跌倒史和运动对姿势反射和对不可预测扰动的适应的影响。

方法

系统搜索了 MEDLINE、EMBASE、Scopus、SportDiscus 和 Web of Science，以评估成人不可预测的姿势扰动后肌肉发作潜伏期的横断面和干预研究 (CRD42020170861)。

结果

这篇综述收录了 37 篇文章（n = 1257）。与年轻人相比，老年人的发病潜伏期较慢（平均差 14 ms，95% CI：10、18，P < 0.001）。与久坐/未受过训练的参与者相比，经常锻炼者的起效延迟更快（平均差 11 毫秒，95%CI：-19，-4，P = 0.002）。与对照组相比，随机对照试验 (RCT) 中提供的运动干预导致更快的发病潜伏期（平均差 -4 ms，95%CI：-9, 0, P = 0.04）。不受控制的运动临床试验（主要是短期）在前后测试中未显示发作潜伏期的变化（平均差 -2 ms，95%CI：-5, 1，P = 0.36）。

结论

这篇综述表明，与年轻人相比，老年人对姿势扰动的反应明显延迟了肌肉激活，并且与不那么活跃的成年人相比，经常锻炼的成年人的肌肉激活速度更快。在短期的非对照临床试验中，发病潜伏期没有明显变化，但长期 RCT 表明姿势反射对训练有反应。