Nanoparticles (NPs) have tremendously revolutionized multiple sectors of our society due to their ability to be used in diverse applications. Recently, iron-based magnetic nanoparticles (Fe-MNPs), have attracted enormous interest due to their salient use in several sectors, including energy, environmental, agricultural, medical, and industrial. This can be attributed to the unique chemical and physical properties of Fe-MNPs. These properties include high surface area, surface-to-volume ratio, superparamagnetism, and simple separation methodology. MNPs have been synthesized in surface chemistry applications by employing biological, chemical, and physical methods. This critical review discusses the latest development in the synthesis approaches of MNPs, including green synthesis, thermal decomposition, co-precipitation, hydrothermal technique, and polyol methodology. In addition, the review highlights the main applications of MNPs in the environmental and energy fields. Finally, an overview is given concerning the current challenges and future implications of using MNPs in various applications.

纳米粒子 (NPs) 因其可用于多种应用的能力而极大地改变了我们社会的多个领域。最近，铁基磁性纳米粒子（Fe-MNPs）因其在能源、环境、农业、医疗和工业等多个领域的突出用途而引起了极大的兴趣。这可以归因于 Fe-MNPs 独特的化学和物理性质。这些特性包括高表面积、表面积与体积比、超顺磁性和简单的分离方法。通过采用生物、化学和物理方法，已在表面化学应用中合成了 MNP。这篇批判性综述讨论了 MNPs 合成方法的最新发展，包括绿色合成、热分解、共沉淀、水热技术、和多元醇方法。此外，该综述重点介绍了 MNP 在环境和能源领域的主要应用。最后，概述了在各种应用中使用 MNP 的当前挑战和未来影响。