Objectives

This review will describe how human exercise performance at the highest level is exquisitely orchestrated by a set of responses by all body systems related to the evolutionary adaptations that have taken place over a long history. The review will also describe how many adaptations or features are co-opted (exaptations) for use in different ways and have utility other than for selective advantage.

Methods

A review of the literature by relevant search engines and reference lists in key published articles using the terms, performance, limitations, regulation, trade-offs as related to exercise, indicates that there are at least three areas which could be considered key in understanding the evolutionary basis of human exercise performance.

Results

First, there is a basic assumption that exaptations have limitations or capacities which cannot be exceeded which in turn will limit our physical performance. Second, it is thought that some biological systems and tissues have additional capacity which is rarely fully accessed by the organism; referred to as a safety factor. Third, there are biological trade-offs which occur when there is an increase in one trait or characteristic traded for a decrease in another.

Conclusions

Adaptations have resulted in safety factors for body systems and tissues with trade-offs that are most advantageous for human performance for a specific environment.

中文翻译：

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人体运动表现的适应、安全因素、限制和权衡

目标

这篇综述将描述人类最高水平的运动表现是如何由所有身体系统的一系列反应精心安排的，这些反应与长期以来发生的进化适应有关。审查还将描述有多少改编或特征被选为（扩展）以不同方式使用，并且除了选择性优势之外还有其他用途。

方法

相关搜索引擎使用与锻炼相关的术语、性能、限制、法规、权衡取舍对相关搜索引擎和参考列表中的文献进行审查，表明至少有三个领域可以被认为是理解运动的关键人类运动表现的进化基础。

结果

首先，有一个基本假设，即扩展具有无法超越的限制或能力，这反过来又会限制我们的身体表现。其次，人们认为一些生物系统和组织具有额外的能力，而这些能力很少被有机体完全利用；简称安全系数。第三，当一种性状或特征的增加与另一种性状或特征的减少交换时，就会发生生物学权衡。

结论

适应导致身体系统和组织的安全系数与对特定环境下的人类表现最有利的权衡取舍。