Few studies have comprehensively examined the profile of cognitive functioning in first episode psychosis patients throughout the lifespan, and from first episode to chronic stage. We assessed functioning in general and specific cognitive functions, comparing both schizophrenia (N = 64) and bipolar I (N = 19) patients to controls (N = 103). Participants were from a population-based, case-control study of first episode psychosis patients, who were followed prospectively up to 10 years post first admission. A cognitive battery was administered at baseline and follow-up. By combining longitudinal and cross-sectional data, we were able to examine the cognitive profile of patients and controls throughout the entire age range of our sample (16–65). Schizophrenia patients exhibited widespread declines in IQ, executive function, visual memory, language ability, and verbal knowledge. However, the ages at which these declines occurred differed between functions. Deficits in verbal memory, working memory, processing speed, and visuospatial ability, on the other hand, were present at the first episode, and remained relatively static thereafter. Bipolar I patients also showed declines in IQ, verbal knowledge, and language ability, albeit at different ages to schizophrenia patients and only in verbal functions. Deficits on measures of verbal memory, processing speed, and executive function remained relatively static. Thus, both schizophrenia and bipolar I patients experienced cognitive decline in general and specific functions after the first episode, but the age at which these declines occurred differed between disorder and function. Cognitive remediation efforts may be most fruitful when targeting individual functions during specific time periods throughout adulthood.

中文翻译：

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第一集后精神分裂症和双相情感障碍的动态和静态认知缺陷

很少有研究全面检查首发精神病患者整个生命周期以及从首发到慢性阶段的认知功能概况。我们评估了一般和特定认知功能的功能，将精神分裂症 (N = 64) 和双相 I (N = 19) 患者与对照组 (N = 103) 进行比较。参与者来自一项针对首发精神病患者的基于人群的病例对照研究，这些患者在首次入院后被前瞻性随访长达 10 年。在基线和随访时进行认知电池测试。通过结合纵向和横向数据，我们能够检查样本整个年龄范围（16-65 岁）患者和对照组的认知状况。精神分裂症患者的智商、执行功能、视觉记忆、语言能力和言语知识普遍下降。然而，这些衰退发生的年龄因功能而异。另一方面，语言记忆、工作记忆、处理速度和视觉空间能力的缺陷在第一次发作时就存在，此后保持相对稳定。I型双相情感障碍患者还表现出智商、言语知识和语言能力的下降，尽管与精神分裂症患者的年龄不同，而且仅在言语功能方面有所下降。言语记忆、处理速度和执行功能方面的缺陷仍然相对稳定。因此，精神分裂症和 I 型双相情感障碍患者在首次发作后都经历了一般和特定功能的认知下降，但这些下降发生的年龄因疾病和功能而异。当针对整个成年期特定时间段的个人功能时，认知矫正努力可能是最富有成效的。