‘The same rights that people have offline must also be protected online’ is used in recent years as a dominant concept in international discourse about human rights in cyberspace. But does this notion of ‘normative equivalency’ between the ‘offline’ and the ‘online’ afford effective protection for human rights in the digital age? This is the question at the heart of this article. We first review the development of human rights in cyberspace as they were conceptualized and articulated in international fora and critically evaluate the normative equivalency paradigm adopted by international bodies for the online application of human rights. We then attempt to describe the contours of a new digital human rights framework, which goes beyond the normative equivalency paradigm. We offer in this connection a typology of three ‘generations’ or modalities in the evolution of digital human rights – the radical reinterpretation of existing rights, the development of new rights and the introduction of new right and duty holders. In particular, we focus on the emergence of new digital human rights, present two prototype rights (the right to Internet access and the right not to be subject to automated decision) and discuss the normative justifications invoked for recognizing these new digital human rights. We propose that such a multilayered framework corresponds better than the normative equivalency paradigm to the unique features and challenges of upholding human rights in cyberspace.

中文翻译：

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这是我们所知道的（离线）世界的终结：从人权到数字人权——一种拟议的类型学

“人们线下拥有的权利也必须在网络上得到保护”近年来成为网络空间人权国际话语中的主导概念。但是，这种“线下”和“线上”之间的“规范对等”概念能否为数字时代的人权提供有效保护？这是本文的核心问题。我们首先回顾了网络空间中人权在国际论坛上被概念化和阐述的发展，并批判性地评估了国际机构为在线应用人权而采用的规范对等范式。然后，我们试图描述一个超越规范对等范式的新数字人权框架的轮廓。在这方面，我们提供了数字人权发展中的三个“世代”或模式的类型学——对现有权利的彻底重新解释、新权利的发展以及新权利和义务持有人的引入。特别是，我们关注新的数字人权的出现，提出了两个原型权利（互联网访问权和不受自动决策约束的权利），并讨论了为承认这些新的数字人权而援引的规范性理由。我们认为，这种多层次的框架比规范的对等范式更好地对应了在网络空间维护人权的独特特征和挑战。发展新的权利和引入新的权利和义务持有人。特别是，我们关注新的数字人权的出现，提出了两个原型权利（互联网访问权和不受自动决策约束的权利），并讨论了为承认这些新的数字人权而援引的规范性理由。我们认为，这种多层次的框架比规范的对等范式更好地对应了在网络空间维护人权的独特特征和挑战。发展新的权利和引入新的权利和义务持有人。特别是，我们关注新的数字人权的出现，提出了两个原型权利（互联网访问权和不受自动决策约束的权利），并讨论了为承认这些新的数字人权而援引的规范性理由。我们认为，这种多层次的框架比规范的对等范式更好地对应了在网络空间维护人权的独特特征和挑战。