Individual variation in behavior, particularly consistent among-individual differences (i.e., personality), has important ecological and evolutionary implications for population and community dynamics, trait divergence, and patterns of speciation. Nevertheless, individual variation in spatial behaviors, such as home range behavior, movement characteristics, or habitat use has yet to be incorporated into the concepts or methodologies of ecology and evolutionary biology. To evaluate evidence for the existence of consistent among-individual differences in spatial behavior – which we refer to as “spatial personality” – we performed a meta-analysis of 200 repeatability estimates of home range size, movement metrics, and habitat use. We found that the existence of spatial personality is a general phenomenon, with consistently high repeatability (r) across classes of spatial behavior (r = 0.67–0.82), taxa (r = 0.31–0.79), and time between repeated measurements (r = 0.54–0.74). These results suggest: 1) repeatable spatial behavior may either be a cause or consequence of the environment experienced and lead to spatial personalities that may limit the ability of individuals to behaviorally adapt to changing landscapes; 2) interactions between spatial phenotypes and environmental conditions could result in differential reproduction, survival, and dispersal, suggesting that among-individual variation may facilitate population-level adaptation; 3) spatial patterns of species' distributions and spatial population dynamics may be better understood by shifting from a mean field analytical approach towards methods that account for spatial personalities and their associated fitness and ecological dynamics.

中文翻译：

---

空间个性：对空间行为中一致的个体差异的荟萃分析

行为的个体差异，特别是个体之间的一致差异（即个性），对种群和群落动态、性状差异和物种形成模式具有重要的生态和进化意义。然而，空间行为的个体差异，如家庭范围行为、运动特征或栖息地使用，尚未纳入生态学和进化生物学的概念或方法。为了评估空间行为中个体之间存在一致差异的证据——我们称之为“空间人格”——我们对 200 个家庭范围大小、移动指标和栖息地使用的可重复性估计进行了荟萃分析。我们发现空间人格的存在是一种普遍现象，在空间行为类别 (r = 0.67–0.82)、分类单元 (r = 0.31–0.79) 和重复测量之间的时间 (r = 0.54–0.74) 之间具有始终如一的高重复性 (r)。这些结果表明：1）可重复的空间行为可能是所经历环境的原因或结果，并导致可能限制个人行为适应不断变化的景观的能力的空间个性；2）空间表型和环境条件之间的相互作用可能导致不同的繁殖、生存和扩散，这表明个体间的差异可能有助于种群水平的适应；3) 物种的空间格局