BACKGROUND This study aims to longitudinally assess the psychological impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in the general Spanish population. It uses four assessment points: two weeks after the start of confinement, one month after, two months after, and one year after the first evaluation. METHODS Evaluations were conducted through an online survey, with a sample of 3,480 people at the first data collection and 1,041, 569, and 550 people at successive evaluation points. Depressive symptoms (PHQ-2), anxiety (GAD-2), post-traumatic stress (PCL-C-2), social support (EMAS), loneliness (UCLA-3), and discrimination (InDI-d) were evaluated. RESULTS Significant changes were found in the variables depression and anxiety with a greater presence of this kind of symptomatology after one year (p < .01). There were also significant changes in the variable social support, which showed a substantial reduction after one year (p < .001). Similarly, there were significant variations in the variable intersectional discrimination (p < .001), with greater levels of discrimination. The temporal models show no significant differences in terms of post-traumatic symptomatology (p = .12) or loneliness (p = .19). CONCLUSIONS The pandemic had a negative impact on mental health and these effects were further exacerbated one year later.

中文翻译：

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西班牙 COVID-19 大流行的心理影响：一项纵向研究。

背景 本研究旨在纵向评估 COVID-19 大流行对西班牙普通人群的心理影响。它使用四个评估点：开始分娩后两周、一个月后、两个月后和第一次评估后一年。方法通过在线调查进行评估，第一次数据收集时样本为3,480人，连续评估点分别为1,041、569和550人。评估了抑郁症状 (PHQ-2)、焦虑 (GAD-2)、创伤后压力 (PCL-C-2)、社会支持 (EMAS)、孤独感 (UCLA-3) 和歧视 (InDI-d)。结果发现变量抑郁和焦虑有显着变化，一年后这种症状的存在更大（p <.01）。可变社会支持也有显着变化，一年后显着减少（p < .001）。同样，变量交叉歧视存在显着差异（p < .001），歧视程度更高。时间模型在创伤后症状 (p = .12) 或孤独感 (p = .19) 方面没有显示出显着差异。结论 大流行对心理健康产生了负面影响，一年后这些影响进一步加剧。12) 或孤独感 (p = .19)。结论 大流行对心理健康产生了负面影响，一年后这些影响进一步加剧。12) 或孤独感 (p = .19)。结论 大流行对心理健康产生了负面影响，一年后这些影响进一步加剧。