Ethanol derived from sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum) could replace a substantial amount of fossil fuel in Brazil, provided the greenhouse gas (GHG) budget is balanced. Green harvest systems have significantly increased the potential amount of sugarcane residue (straw) available for harvest and bioenergy production, but several questions about how those practices will affect field GHG fluxes. In this sense, we quantified GHG emissions associated with four straw harvest rates (12 [no removal]; 6 [moderate removal]; 3 [high removal] and 0 Mg ha⁻¹ [total removal] of dry matter of straw left on the soil), with and without 100 L ha⁻¹ vinasse + N-fertilizer [80 kg ha⁻¹ (NH₄)₂SO₄]. GHG fluxes were measured for 60 days using static chambers. Our results showed that total straw removal reduced CO₂ and N₂O emissions by 15% and 25%, respectively. After vinasse and fertilizer additions, CO₂ emissions were 2.5-fold higher, and N₂O were 5-fold higher, regardless of straw rates. In additional, synergic effect of vinasse + fertilizer and straw removal decreased 60% CH₄ uptakes. Direct N2O emission factor was estimated at 0.32%. Net GHG emissions induced by vinasse + fertilizer applied in the sugarcane plantation were 220 g m⁻² CO₂e (or 60 g m⁻² C-equivalent), disregarding straw harvest rate. Therefore, we conclude that maintaining at least 6 Mg ha^-1 of sugarcane straw in the field will result in a ‘win-win situation’ by mitigating GHG emissions, sustaining soil, and still saving part of the raw-material for bioenergy production.

如果温室气体 (GHG) 预算平衡，从甘蔗 ( Saccharum officinarum ) 中提取的乙醇可以替代巴西大量的化石燃料。绿色收割系统显着增加了可用于收割和生物能源生产的甘蔗残渣（秸秆）的潜在数量，但关于这些做法将如何影响田间温室气体通量的几个问题。从这个意义上说，我们量化了与四种秸秆收获率相关的温室气体排放量（12 [无去除]；6 [中度去除]；3 [高去除] 和 0 Mg ha ^-1 [总去除]土壤），有和没有 100 L ha ^-1酒糟 + 氮肥 [80 kg ha ^-1  (NH ₄ ) ₂ SO₄ ]。使用静态室测量温室气体通量 60 天。我们的结果表明，秸秆总去除量分别减少了 15% 和 25% 的CO ₂和 N ₂ O 排放。添加酒糟和化肥后，CO ₂排放量增加 2.5 倍，N ₂ O排放量增加5 倍，无论秸秆用量如何。此外，酒糟+肥料和秸秆去除的协同作用降低了60%的CH ₄吸收。N2O 直接排放因子估计为 0.32%。甘蔗种植园中使用的酒糟 + 肥料引起的温室气体净排放量为 220 g m ^-2 CO ₂ e（或 60 g m ^-2C-当量），不考虑秸秆收获率。因此，我们得出结论，在田间保持至少 6 Mg ha ^- 1 的甘蔗秸秆将通过减少温室气体排放、维持土壤并仍然节省部分用于生物能源生产的原材料来实现“双赢局面”。