Resurgence occurs when a worsening of conditions for an alternative response (e.g., extinction) increases a previously reinforced and subsequently extinguished target response. In contrast, renewal is an increase in a response previously eliminated by extinction following a contextual change. Moreover, arranging contextual changes during resurgence tests has enhanced relapse compared with the absence of contextual changes. Several laboratory studies evaluating resurgence in humans have included interruptions of operant tasks by presenting instructions or “blackouts” immediately prior to phase changes in which reinforcement contingencies change. Such interruptions could enhance relapse during testing similarly to changes in contextual stimuli. We tested this possibility in the present study with human participants recruited via Amazon Mechanical Turk by interrupting the task across groups with 1-s blackouts every 12 s, 60 s, between phases, or by arranging no blackouts in a control group. We found that blackouts prior to phase changes increased resurgence effects relative to no blackouts, suggesting that blackouts between phases are a type of contextual manipulation serving to increase the salience of contingency changes.

当替代反应（例如，消退）的条件恶化增加了先前强化和随后消退的目标反应时，就会出现死灰复燃。相比之下，更新是在上下文变化之后因灭绝而消除的反应的增加。此外，与没有上下文变化的情况相比，在复苏测试期间安排上下文变化会增加复发率。几项评估人类复苏的实验室研究包括通过在强化突发事件发生变化的阶段变化之前立即提供指令或“停电”来中断操作性任务。这种中断可能会在测试过程中增加复发，类似于上下文刺激的变化。在本研究中，我们通过 Amazon Mechanical Turk 招募的人类参与者测试了这种可能性，方法是在各阶段之间每隔 12 秒、60 秒中断 1 秒停电，或者在对照组中不安排停电。我们发现，相对于没有停电，阶段变化之前的停电增加了复苏效应，这表明阶段之间的停电是一种上下文操纵，用于增加意外变化的显着性。