The current paper establishes the latent factors of many direct or proxy trait resilience assessments. Study 1 (n = 849) demonstrates four latent factors (recovery, sustainability, adaptability, and social cohesion) among 61 direct and proxy assessments of resilience. Three of these four factors are best described within a three-factor model of ecological resilience, with an additional social-orientated resilience factor. Study 2 (n = 340) replicates the factors using indicators of the factors found in Study 1. A bifactor model of the four factors provides the best fit of the data, with measurement invariance across broad groups for gender, age, and ethnicity. The findings suggest a ‘mixed model’ of resilience summarising over 30 years of research using direct and proxy assessments of resilience.

目前的论文建立了许多直接或代理特质复原力评估的潜在因素。研究 1 ( n  = 849) 在 61 个直接和替代的复原力评估中展示了四个潜在因素（恢复、可持续性、适应性和社会凝聚力）。这四个因素中的三个在生态恢复力的三因素模型中得到了最好的描述，另外还有一个面向社会的恢复力因素。研究 2 ( n = 340) 使用研究 1 中发现的因子的指标复制因子。四个因子的双因子模型提供了数据的最佳拟合，在性别、年龄和种族的广泛群体中具有测量不变性。研究结果提出了一种复原力的“混合模型”，该模型总结了 30 多年使用复原力的直接和代理评估进行的研究。