Objectives

Using the cumulative disadvantage theoretical framework, the current study explores whether school suspension and expulsion provide an indirect path through which race and ethnicity affect the likelihood of experiencing arrest, any incarceration, and long-term incarceration in adulthood.

Methods

To address these issues, we use data from Waves I, II, and IV of the Add Health survey (N = 14,484), and we employ generalized multilevel structural equation models and parametric regression methods using counterfactual definitions to estimate direct and indirect pathways.

Results

We observe that Black (but not Latinx) individuals are consistently more likely than White persons to experience exclusionary school discipline and criminal justice involvement. However, we find a path through which race and Latinx ethnicity indirectly affect the odds of adulthood arrest and incarceration through school discipline.

Conclusions

Disparate exposure to school suspension and expulsion experienced by minority youth contributes to racial and ethnic inequalities in justice system involvement. By examining indirect paths to multiple criminal justice consequences along a continuum of punitiveness, this study shows how discipline amplifies cumulative disadvantage during adulthood for Black and, to a lesser extent, Latinx individuals who are disproportionately funneled through the “school-to-prison pipeline.”

中文翻译：

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从学校到监狱的累积种族和族裔差异

目标

目前的研究使用累积劣势理论框架，探讨学校停课和开除是否提供了一种间接途径，通过该途径种族和民族影响成年后被捕、任何监禁和长期监禁的可能性。

方法

为了解决这些问题，我们使用来自 Add Health 调查的 Waves I、II 和 IV 的数据（N = 14,484），并且我们采用广义的多级结构方程模型和使用反事实定义的参数回归方法来估计直接和间接途径。

结果

我们观察到，黑人（但不是拉丁裔）个人比白人更有可能经历排他性的学校纪律和刑事司法参与。然而，我们找到了一条途径，通过该途径，种族和拉丁裔通过学校纪律间接影响成年期逮捕和监禁的几率。

结论

少数族裔青年遭受的不同程度的停学和开除导致了司法系统参与方面的种族和族裔不平等。通过检查沿着惩罚性连续体导致多种刑事司法后果的间接途径，本研究表明纪律如何放大黑人成年期的累积劣势，以及在较小程度上通过“学校到监狱管道”不成比例地汇集的拉丁裔个人。 ”