With the rapid growth of the worldwide photovoltaic (PV) installation, the number of fire incidents involving PV systems also shows an increasing trend. Several studies revealed that installing PV systems on the rooftop has introduced an additional fire risk to the building. Therefore, risk assessment is required to identify the possible cause of fire initiation involving PV systems and subsequently provide the solar industry with fire risk information regarding PV faults. A BowTie analysis of rooftop grid-connected PV systems was conducted, where initiation of ignition was determined as the hazard and PV fires as the loss event. Four threats in the BowTie analysis were identified using fault tree analysis, that is, arc fault, ground fault, hotspot effect at PV modules, and overheating. Arc fault contributes the most to PV fire incidents, while poor installation of PV systems was found to be the primary underlying cause of all PV fault scenarios. The main factor is due to lack of fire safety knowledge and negligence behavior of the installers. The consequences of PV fires in the BowTie diagram were investigated from the event tree analysis. Twelve possible outcomes were identified and regrouped to five consequences, that is, respiratory poisons, electrical shock, fall from heights, asset damage, and fire propagation. The evaluation of the consequences of PV fire shows that electrical shock poses a very high risk to the surrounding people, including firefighters. Additional measures are proposed to reduce the impact of electric shock.

中文翻译：

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屋顶并网光伏系统的 BowTie 分析

随着全球光伏（PV）安装量的快速增长，涉及光伏系统的火灾事故数量也呈上升趋势。多项研究表明，在屋顶安装光伏系统会给建筑物带来额外的火灾风险。因此，需要进行风险评估，以确定引发光伏系统火灾的可能原因，并随后为太阳能行业提供有关光伏故障的火灾风险信息。对屋顶并网光伏系统进行了 BowTie 分析，其中将起火确定为危险，将光伏火灾确定为损失事件。BowTie 分析中使用故障树分析确定了四种威胁，即电弧故障、接地故障、光伏组件的热点效应和过热。电弧故障对光伏火灾事件的贡献最大，而光伏系统安装不良是所有光伏故障场景的主要原因。主要原因是安装人员缺乏消防安全知识和疏忽行为。从事件树分析中调查了 BowTie 图中 PV 火灾的后果。确定了 12 种可能的结果并将其重新组合为 5 种后果，即呼吸道中毒、电击、从高处坠落、资产损坏和火灾蔓延。对光伏火灾后果的评估表明，电击对包括消防员在内的周围人员构成非常高的风险。提出了额外的措施来减少电击的影响。主要原因是安装人员缺乏消防安全知识和疏忽行为。从事件树分析中调查了 BowTie 图中 PV 火灾的后果。确定了 12 种可能的结果并将其重新组合为 5 种后果，即呼吸道中毒、电击、从高处坠落、资产损坏和火灾蔓延。对光伏火灾后果的评估表明，电击对包括消防员在内的周围人员构成非常高的风险。提出了额外的措施来减少电击的影响。主要原因是安装人员缺乏消防安全知识和疏忽行为。从事件树分析中调查了 BowTie 图中 PV 火灾的后果。确定了 12 种可能的结果并将其重新组合为 5 种后果，即呼吸道中毒、电击、从高处坠落、资产损坏和火灾蔓延。对光伏火灾后果的评估表明，电击对包括消防员在内的周围人员构成非常高的风险。提出了额外的措施来减少电击的影响。电击、从高处坠落、资产损坏和火灾蔓延。对光伏火灾后果的评估表明，电击对包括消防员在内的周围人员构成非常高的风险。提出了额外的措施来减少电击的影响。电击、从高处坠落、资产损坏和火灾蔓延。对光伏火灾后果的评估表明，电击对包括消防员在内的周围人员构成非常高的风险。提出了额外的措施来减少电击的影响。