Spring wheat is currently dominating wheat production in Norway. The introduction of combine harvesting in the 1950s spurred breeding efforts to improve lodging and preharvest sprouting resistance, and to integrate good breadmaking quality in the locally adapted germplasm. Release of landmark cultivars Runar and Reno in the 1970s revitalized the country's production and marked the onset of modern wheat cultivation in Norway. Since that time, new cultivars have been developed but little is known about the genetic basis of the achieved yield gains. We collected 21 representative cultivars released since 1972 in Norway and tested them in a multiyear field trial including two fertilization rates: 75 and 150 kg ha^–1 N. We assessed grain yield, plant height, heading, maturity, length of grain filling period, grain protein content, protein yield, aboveground biomass, harvest index, grain weight, test weight, grains per spike, grains per square meter, and spikes per square meter and their response to fertilization. We document an annual increase in grain yield of 17.8 kg ha^–1 (0.34%), at both rates of N fertilization. None of the traits exhibited significant genotype × management interaction. Wheat breeding has led to the development of higher-yielding cultivars with higher protein yield that mature later, have a prolonged grain-filling period, and produce more grains per spike and grains per unit area.

中文翻译：

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不同施肥方式下挪威春小麦的历史谷物产量遗传增益

春小麦目前在挪威小麦生产中占主导地位。1950 年代联合收割的引入刺激了育种工作，以提高抗倒伏和收获前发芽的抗性，并将良好的面包制作质量整合到当地适应的种质中。1970 年代，具有里程碑意义的品种 Runar 和 Reno 的发布重振了该国的生产，并标志着挪威现代小麦种植的开始。从那时起，新品种已经被开发出来，但人们对所获得的产量增加的遗传基础知之甚少。我们收集了自 1972 年以来在挪威发布的 21 个代表性品种，并在多年田间试验中对其进行了测试，包括两种施肥率：75 和 150 kg ha ^–1N. 我们评估了谷物产量、株高、抽穗、成熟度、灌浆期长度、谷物蛋白质含量、蛋白质产量、地上生物量、收获指数、谷物重量、容重、每穗粒数、每平方米粒数和穗粒数每平方米及其对施肥的反应。我们记录了在两种施氮率下谷物产量每年增加 17.8 kg ha ^{–1 (0.34%)。}没有一个性状表现出显着的基因型×管理相互作用。小麦育种已导致开发具有较高蛋白质产量的高产品种，这些品种成熟较晚，灌浆期延长，每穗和单位面积的产量更多。