Abstract

Leptospermum scoparium J. R. Forst et G. Forst, known as mānuka by Māori, the indigenous people of Aotearoa (New Zealand), is a culturally and economically significant shrub species, native to New Zealand and Australia. Chemical, morphological and phylogenetic studies have indicated geographical variation of mānuka across its range in New Zealand, and genetic differentiation between New Zealand and Australia. We used pooled whole genome re-sequencing of 76 L. scoparium and outgroup populations from New Zealand and Australia to compile a dataset totalling ~2.5 million SNPs. We explored the genetic structure and relatedness of L. scoparium across New Zealand, and between populations in New Zealand and Australia, as well as the complex demographic history of this species. Our population genomic investigation suggests there are five geographically distinct mānuka gene pools within New Zealand, with evidence of gene flow occurring between these pools. Demographic modelling suggests three of these gene pools have undergone expansion events, whilst the evolutionary histories of the remaining two have been subjected to contractions. Furthermore, mānuka populations in New Zealand are genetically distinct from populations in Australia, with coalescent modelling suggesting these two clades diverged ~9–12 million years ago. We discuss the evolutionary history of this species and the benefits of using pool-seq for such studies. Our research will support the management and conservation of mānuka by landowners, particularly Māori, and the development of a provenance story for the branding of mānuka based products.

中文翻译：

---

毛利人土地上生长的 mānuka（Leptospermum scoparium）的遗传多样性、种群结构和人口历史的全基因组模式

 抽象的

Leptospermum scoparium JR Forst et G. Forst，被新西兰（新西兰）原住民毛利人称为 mānuka，是一种具有重要文化和经济意义的灌木物种，原产于新西兰和澳大利亚。化学、形态学和系统发育研究表明，麦卢卡在新西兰分布范围内存在地理差异，以及新西兰和澳大利亚之间的遗传差异。我们对来自新西兰和澳大利亚的 76 个L. scoparium和外群种群进行了汇总全基因组重测序，编译了总计约 250 万个 SNP 的数据集。我们探索了新西兰各地以及新西兰和澳大利亚种群之间L. scoparium的遗传结构和相关性，以及该物种复杂的人口统计历史。我们的群体基因组调查表明，新西兰境内有五个地理位置不同的麦卢卡基因库，有证据表明这些库之间存在基因流动。人口统计模型表明，其中三个基因库经历了扩张事件，而其余两个基因库的进化历史则经历了收缩。此外，新西兰的麦卢卡种群在基因上与澳大利亚的种群不同，联合模型表明这两个分支在约 9-1200 万年前就出现了分歧。我们讨论了该物种的进化历史以及使用 pool-seq 进行此类研究的好处。我们的研究将支持土地所有者（特别是毛利人）对麦卢卡的管理和保护，以及为麦卢卡产品品牌开发起源故事。