Globalisation is increasingly characterised by intertwined geographical and local production processes through global value chains (GVCs). In the presence of GVCs, import tariffs not only affect the direct trading partners, but also result in indirect impacts through inter-country and inter-industry linkages. This is also the case for non-tariff measures (NTMs), which have gained in significance in recent decades and are an important part of comprehensive trade negotiations and agreements. This paper analyses the effects of such trade policy instruments along GVCs. The authors estimate bilateral ad-valorem equivalents (AVEs) of two types of NTMs (technical barriers to trade, and sanitary and phytosanitary measures) and calculate cumulative bilateral trade restrictiveness indices based on these AVEs and tariffs by taking GVC linkages into account. This produces a ‘trade restrictiveness index’. Using this index, the authors investigate the impacts of these trade policy measures by applying a structural gravity model on value added and gross exports. The results indicate that tariffs have a stronger impact on exports than do NTMs, though tariffs have been reduced significantly in the past decades. As for the impact of NTMs, the results confirm the existing literature that suggests there can be both trade-enhancing and trade-hampering effects.

通过全球价值链 (GVC) 将地理和本地生产过程交织在一起，全球化的特征越来越明显。在存在全球价值链的情况下，进口关税不仅会影响直接贸易伙伴，还会通过国家间和行业间的联系产生间接影响。非关税措施 (NTM) 也是如此，近几十年来，非关税措施变得越来越重要，是全面贸易谈判和协议的重要组成部分。本文分析了此类贸易政策工具对全球价值链的影响。作者估计了两种 NTM（贸易技术壁垒以及卫生和植物检疫措施）的双边从价当量 (AVE)，并根据这些 AVE 和关税计算累积双边贸易限制指数，并考虑 GVC 联系。这会产生一个“贸易限制指数”。使用该指数，作者通过对增加值和总出口应用结构引力模型来调查这些贸易政策措施的影响。结果表明，关税对出口的影响比非关税措施更大，尽管过去几十年关税已大幅降低。至于非关税措施的影响，结果证实了现有文献表明可能存在贸易促进和贸易阻碍效应。