The degradation of agricultural land, both chemical and biological, is a big concern all over the world. Crop cultivation practices that are distinctive to each location have negative consequences for agricultural production. Therefore, there is an urgent need for better crop and soil management techniques. This experiment was conducted for 5 years (2016–2020) to identify the best crop establishment-cum-residue management (CERM) practices and suitable crops for succession after the rice harvest in rice-fallow ecosystems of India. Experimentation was conducted in the split-plot design and each treatment was replicated thrice, having CERM in main-plot and post-rainy season/winter crops in sub-plot. All the CERM treatments had two variants, with crop residue (R+) and without crop residue (R−). Rice yields were markedly higher (19.1%–32.2%) in transplanted puddled rice with residue (TPR-R+) over conventional-till direct seeded rice (CTDSR) and zero-till DSR (ZTDSR) treatments. However, TPR adversely impacted the performance of all the post-rainy pulses/oilseed crops. Post-rainy season crop yields under ZTDSR/CTDSR were 14.9%–45.8% higher leading to higher system productivity as compared to TPR. ZTDSR with residue retention showed higher soil aggregation. The practice of ZTDSR increased the soil dehydrogenase activity (46.2%), urease activity (29.8%), soil microbial biomass carbon (65.4), and fluorescein diacetate activity (9.0%) in the crop root zone with 3.3- and 4.47-times higher earthworm population and earthworm biomass, respectively. The rice-pulse system showed 1.74-times more earthworm population over rice-oilseed sequences. Total soil organic carbon (SOC) stock in ZTDSR was 21.8% higher over TPR in 0–45 cm soil profile. Thus, the adoption of ZTDSR practices and diversification of rice-fallows with pulses crops is recommended for enhancing the crop productivity, increasing SOC stock, and improving soil biological properties in the rice-fallow ecosystems of India.

中文翻译：

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作物种植和残留物管理对印度水稻休耕生态系统土壤特性和生产力的影响

农业用地的退化，无论是化学的还是生物的，都是全世界关注的大问题。每个地区都有独特的作物种植做法对农业生产产生负面影响。因此，迫切需要更好的作物和土壤管理技术。该实验进行了 5 年（2016 年至 2020 年），以确定印度休耕生态系统中水稻收获后的最佳作物建立暨残留管理 (CERM) 做法和合适的作物。试验在裂区设计中进行，每个处理重复三次，在主区使用 CERM，在子区使用雨季后/冬季作物。所有 CERM 处理都有两种变体，有作物残留物 (R+) 和没有作物残留物 (R-)。水稻产量明显更高（19.1%–32. 2%) 与常规耕作直播水稻 (CTDSR) 和零耕 DSR (ZTDSR) 处理相比，在带有残留物的移栽混耕水稻 (TPR-R+) 中。然而，TPR 对所有雨后豆类/油籽作物的表现产生了不利影响。与 TPR 相比，ZTDSR/CTDSR 下的雨季后作物产量高出 14.9%–45.8%，导致系统生产力更高。具有残留物保留的 ZTDSR 显示出更高的土壤聚集性。ZTDSR 的实施使作物根区的土壤脱氢酶活性 (46.2%)、脲酶活性 (29.8%)、土壤微生物生物量碳 (65.4) 和二乙酸荧光素活性 (9.0%) 分别提高了 3.3 倍和 4.47 倍分别为蚯蚓种群和蚯蚓生物量。水稻脉冲系统显示的蚯蚓数量是水稻油籽序列的 1.74 倍。在 0-45 cm 土壤剖面中，ZTDSR 中的总土壤有机碳 (SOC) 储量比 TPR 高 21.8%。因此，建议采用 ZTDSR 实践和多样化的水稻休耕与豆类作物，以提高印度水稻休耕生态系统的作物生产力、增加 SOC 储量和改善土壤生物学特性。