Satureja sahendica Bornm belongs to the mint family (Lamiaceae family) and is a native medicinal plant-specific to Iran. In addition to being used in the kitchen, this plant contains essential oils with major constituents of thymol, γ-terpinene, paracetamol, and carvacrol, which have medicinal uses. In the present study, the ethanolic extract of Satureja sahendica leaves was used for the biosynthesis of ZnO nanoparticles simply and cost-effectively. The biosynthesized nanoparticles, hereinafter referred to as SSE-ZnONPs, were characterized using UV–Vis spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy/energy-dispersive X-ray (SEM/EDX), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and thermogravimetry analysis (TGA). The analysis of the results demonstrated the successful synthesis of SSE-ZnONPs by the reductive action of Satureja sahendica extract. The synthesized nanoparticles were found to be crystalline nanoscale structures with multi-dimensional round shape and particle size of 48 to 61 nm. UV–Vis analysis of the biosynthesized nanoparticles showed a characteristic spectral peak at 383 nm with a zeta potential value of − 40 mV. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) values of SSE-ZnONPs against gram-negative Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Gram-positive bacteria Bacillus cereus, and Staphylococcus aureus were found to be 1250, 625, 625, and 2500 µg/ml and 1000, 5000, 2500, and 5000 µg/l, respectively. SSE-ZnONPs, with a concentration of 600 μg/ml, prevented up to 60% and 30% of biofilm formation by Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus, respectively. Also, SSE-ZnONPs, at a concentration of 200 μg/ml, could inhibit the formation of Escherichia coli and Bacillus cereus biofilms by up to 30% and 31%, respectively. The results showed that SSE-ZnONPs impede the exopolysaccharide (EPS) formation of the tested bacterial strains. Overall, the green synthesized SSE-ZnONPs have been shown to have antimicrobial and antibiofilm activities that could be used as a promising candidate for controlling pathogenic microorganisms.

Satureja sahendica Bornm 属于薄荷科（唇形科），是伊朗特有的本土药用植物。除了用于厨房外，这种植物还含有精油，其主要成分是百里香酚、γ-萜品烯、扑热息痛和香芹酚，具有药用价值。在本研究中，  Satureja satureja satureja 叶子的乙醇提取物用于简单且经济高效地生物合成 ZnO 纳米颗粒。生物合成的纳米粒子，以下简称 SSE-ZnONPs，使用紫外可见光谱、X 射线衍射 (XRD)、扫描电子显微镜/能量色散 X 射线 (SEM/EDX)、透射电子显微镜 (TEM)、傅里叶变换红外光谱 (FTIR)、差示扫描量热法 (DSC) 和热重分析 (TGA)。对结果的分析表明，通过Satureja satureja satureja提取物的还原作用成功合成了 SSE-ZnONPs。发现合成的纳米粒子是晶体纳米级结构，具有多维圆形，粒径为 48 至 61 nm。生物合成纳米粒子的紫外-可见光分析显示在 383 nm 处具有特征光谱峰，zeta 电位值为 - 40 mV。SSE-ZnONPs对革兰氏阴性大肠杆菌的最低抑菌浓度（MIC）和最低杀菌浓度（MBC）值，铜绿假单胞菌、革兰氏阳性菌蜡状芽孢杆菌和金黄色葡萄球菌的浓度分别为 1250、625、625 和 2500 µg/ml 和 1000、5000、2500 和 5000 µg/l。浓度为 600 μg/ml 的 SSE-ZnONPs 分别阻止了高达 60% 和 30% 的铜绿假单胞菌和金黄色葡萄球菌形成的生物膜。此外，浓度为 200 μg/ml 的 SSE-ZnONPs 可以抑制大肠杆菌和蜡状芽孢杆菌的形成生物膜分别高达 30% 和 31%。结果表明，SSE-ZnONPs 阻碍了受试菌株的胞外多糖 (EPS) 的形成。总体而言，绿色合成的 SSE-ZnONPs 已被证明具有抗菌和抗生物膜活性，可用作控制病原微生物的有希望的候选者。