Congruence has served as an important research framework for many leadership research topics. Perhaps the most frequently used methodological/statistical approach for testing the congruence framework is polynomial regression analysis (PRA) with response surface methodology (RSM). As this approach was introduced to organizational sciences more than two decades ago, we can now identify the main issues with the use of this approach in leadership research. To systematically investigate these issues, we first review how PRA and RSM have been used in various leadership studies. We then review the levels-of-analysis and rater model assumptions prevalent in PRA in terms of multilevel techniques, choice of centering options, and issues of endogeneity. Finally, to better understand the inconsistencies and variabilities that exist in leadership research, we review the use of two main RSM features and summarize additional statistical techniques for assessment in this realm. Overall, we aim to promote the rigorousness of this methodology within the study of congruence in leadership research by enhancing its capability in theory testing and building.

一致性已成为许多领导力研究课题的重要研究框架。用于测试同余框架的最常用的方法学/统计方法可能是带有响应面方法 (RSM) 的多项式回归分析 (PRA)。由于这种方法在二十多年前被引入组织科学，我们现在可以确定在领导力研究中使用这种方法的主要问题。为了系统地研究这些问题，我们首先回顾了 PRA 和 RSM 如何在各种领导力研究中使用。然后，我们从多层次技术、居中选项的选择和内生性问题的角度回顾了 PRA 中普遍存在的分析水平和评估者模型假设。最后，为了更好地理解领导力研究中存在的不一致和可变性，我们回顾了两个主要的 RSM 特征的使用，并总结了在这个领域进行评估的其他统计技术。总体而言，我们的目标是通过提高其在理论测试和构建方面的能力，在领导力研究中的一致性研究中促进这种方法的严谨性。