ABSTRACT

Objective

The literature on the association between sex, rumination, and depression indicates significant variability from childhood to adulthood. Although this variability indicates the need for a developmental lens, a surprising lack of research has been conducted on the association between these variables from middle to late adolescence.

Method

The present study seeks to bridge this gap using structured equation modeling (SEM) to evaluate the reciprocal associations between sex, brooding rumination, reflective rumination, and depressive symptoms in a sample of students measured at 8th grade, 9th grade, and 12th grade time points.

Results

In line with findings across the lifespan, female participants indicated significantly higher average levels of both subtypes of rumination and depressive symptoms versus males. Novel results of this study include the findings that for male participants in this age range, brooding rumination predicted later depressive symptoms, while for female participants, early depressive symptoms predicted later brooding. For female participants, early reflective rumination predicted later depressive symptoms.

Conclusions

This is the first investigation of its kind to demonstrate deleterious longitudinal effects of self-reflective rumination. Findings are interpreted through an ecological framework and mark the transition to high school as a potential risk for interrupted problem-solving of circumstances related to adolescents’ distress.

中文翻译：

---

青春期后期性、沉思和抑郁症状之间的关联：一项为期四年的纵向调查

 抽象的

 客观的

关于性、沉思和抑郁之间关系的文献表明，从童年到成年之间存在显着的差异。尽管这种变异性表明需要发展的视角，但令人惊讶的是，对青春期中后期这些变量之间的关联进行的研究却非常缺乏。

 方法

本研究旨在利用结构化方程模型 (SEM) 来弥合这一差距，以评估在 8 年级、9 年级和 12 年级时间点测量的学生样本中性别、沉思沉思、反思性沉思和抑郁症状之间的相互关联。

 结果

与整个生命周期的研究结果一致，女性参与者的沉思和抑郁症状两种亚型的平均水平明显高于男性。这项研究的新颖结果包括以下发现：对于这个年龄段的男性参与者来说，沉思的沉思预示着后来的抑郁症状，而对于女性参与者来说，早期的抑郁症状预示着后来的沉思。对于女性参与者来说，早期的反思性思考预示着后来的抑郁症状。

 结论

这是此类研究中首次证明自我反省的有害纵向影响。研究结果通过生态框架进行解释，并将向高中的过渡标记为中断与青少年痛苦相关的问题解决的潜在风险。