BACKGROUND Adolescent drinking has declined in many high-income countries since the early 2000s. It has been suggested that changing parenting practices may have contributed to the decline. However, previous studies investigating parenting have focused on single countries and have provided conflicting evidence. This study tested the association between changes in individual- and population-level parental control and parental support and changes in past month adolescent drinking. METHODS A total of 271,823 adolescents aged 15-16 years, from 30 European countries between 2003 and 2015 were included in this study. Our key independent variables were adolescent reports of parental control and parental support. Our outcome measure was a dichotomous measure of any alcohol use in the 30 days before the survey, referred as past month drinking. Aggregated measures of parenting variables were used to estimate between-country and within-country effects of parenting on adolescent drinking. Data were analysed using three-level hierarchical linear probability methods. RESULTS At the individual-level, we found a negative association between the two parental measures, i.e. parental control (β = -0.003 and 95% CI = -0.021 to 0.017) and parental support (β = -0.008 and 95% CI = -0.010 to 0.006) and past month drinking. This suggests adolescents whose parents exert higher control and provide more support tend to drink less. At a population level, we did not find any evidence of association on between-country and within-country parenting changes and past month drinking. CONCLUSIONS It is unlikely that changes in parental control or support at the population-level have contributed to the decline in drinking among adolescents in 30 European countries.

中文翻译：

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家长控制和支持在减少青少年饮酒中的作用：在 30 个欧洲国家进行的多层次研究。

背景 自 2000 年代初以来，许多高收入国家的青少年饮酒量有所下降。有人提出，改变养育方式可能导致了这种下降。然而，以前调查育儿的研究都集中在单个国家，并提供了相互矛盾的证据。这项研究测试了个人和群体层面父母控制和父母支持的变化与过去一个月青少年饮酒变化之间的关联。方法 2003 年至 2015 年间来自 30 个欧洲国家的 271,823 名 15-16 岁青少年被纳入本研究。我们的关键自变量是关于父母控制和父母支持的青少年报告。我们的结果衡量标准是对调查前 30 天内任何酒精使用的二分法衡量，称为过去一个月的饮酒情况。育儿变量的综合测量被用来估计育儿对青少年饮酒的国家间和国家内影响。使用三级分层线性概率方法分析数据。结果 在个人层面，我们发现两种父母测量值之间存在负相关，即父母控制（β = -0.003 和 95% CI = -0.021 至 0.017）和父母支持（β = -0.008 和 95% CI = - 0.010 到 0.006）和过去一个月的饮酒量。这表明，父母控制力更强、提供更多支持的青少年往往会喝得更少。在人口水平上，我们没有发现任何与国家间和国家内育儿变化以及过去一个月饮酒有关的证据。