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DETERMINANTS OF SMALL BUSINESS REOPENING DECISIONS AFTER COVID RESTRICTIONS WERE LIFTED
Journal of Policy Analysis and Management ( IF 2.3 ) Pub Date : 2022-01-08 , DOI: 10.1002/pam.22355
Dylan Balla-Elliott 1 , Zoë B. Cullen , Edward L. Glaeser , Michael Luca , Christopher Stanton
Affiliation  

The COVID-19 pandemic led to dramatic economic disruptions, including government-imposed restrictions that temporarily shuttered millions of American businesses. We use a nationwide survey of thousands of small business owners to establish three main facts about business owners’ decisions to reopen at the end of the lockdowns. First, roughly 60 percent of firms planned to reopen within days of the end of legal restrictions, suggesting that the lockdowns were generally binding for businesses—although nearly 30 percent expected to delay their reopening by at least a month. Second, decisions to delay reopenings did not seem to be driven by concerns about employee or customer health; even businesses in high-proximity sectors with the highest health risks generally reported intentions to reopen as soon as regulations allowed. Third, pessimistic demand projections primarily explain delays among firms that could legally reopen. Owners expected demand to be one-third lower than before the crisis throughout the pandemic. Using experimentally induced shocks to perceived demand, we find that a 10 percent decline in expected demand results in a 1.5 percentage point (8 percent) increase in the likelihood that firms expected to remain closed for at least one month after being legally able to open. We use follow-up surveys to cross-validate expectations with realized outcomes. Overall, our results suggest that governments set more stringent guidelines for reopening than what many businesses would have selected, suggesting that governments may have internalized costs of contagion that businesses did not.

中文翻译:

解除 COVID 限制后小型企业重新开业决定的决定因素

COVID-19 大流行导致了巨大的经济混乱,包括政府实施的限制措施暂时关闭了数百万​​美国企业。我们使用对数千名小企业主的全国性调查来确定关于企业主在封锁结束时重新开业的决定的三个主要事实。首先,大约 60% 的公司计划在法律限制结束后的几天内重新开业,这表明封锁通常对企业具有约束力——尽管近 30% 的公司预计将重新开业至少推迟一个月。其次,推迟重新开业的决定似乎并非出于对员工或客户健康的担忧;即使是健康风险最高的高度邻近部门的企业,也普遍表示有意在法规允许的情况下尽快重新开业。第三,悲观的需求预测主要解释了可以合法重新开业的公司之间的延误。业主预计,在整个大流行期间,需求将比危机前低三分之一。使用实验诱发的对感知需求的冲击,我们发现预期需求下降 10% 会导致公司在合法能够开业后预计保持关闭至少一个月的可能性增加 1.5 个百分点(8%)。我们使用后续调查来交叉验证预期与已实现的结果。总体而言,我们的结果表明,政府为重新开放制定了比许多企业选择的更严格的指导方针,这表明政府可能已将企业没有的传染成本内部化。业主预计,在整个大流行期间,需求将比危机前低三分之一。使用实验诱发的对感知需求的冲击,我们发现预期需求下降 10% 会导致公司在合法能够开业后预计保持关闭至少一个月的可能性增加 1.5 个百分点(8%)。我们使用后续调查来交叉验证预期与已实现的结果。总体而言,我们的结果表明,政府为重新开放制定了比许多企业选择的更严格的指导方针,这表明政府可能已将企业没有的传染成本内部化。业主预计,在整个大流行期间,需求将比危机前低三分之一。使用实验诱发的对感知需求的冲击,我们发现预期需求下降 10% 会导致公司在合法能够开业后预计保持关闭至少一个月的可能性增加 1.5 个百分点(8%)。我们使用后续调查来交叉验证预期与已实现的结果。总体而言,我们的结果表明,政府为重新开放制定了比许多企业选择的更严格的指导方针,这表明政府可能已将企业没有的传染成本内部化。我们发现,预期需求下降 10% 会导致企业在能够合法开业后至少关闭一个月的可能性增加 1.5 个百分点(8%)。我们使用后续调查来交叉验证预期与已实现的结果。总体而言,我们的结果表明,政府为重新开放制定了比许多企业选择的更严格的指导方针,这表明政府可能已将企业没有的传染成本内部化。我们发现,预期需求下降 10% 会导致企业在合法开业后预计至少关闭一个月的可能性增加 1.5 个百分点(8%)。我们使用后续调查来交叉验证预期与已实现的结果。总体而言,我们的结果表明,政府为重新开放制定了比许多企业选择的更严格的指导方针,这表明政府可能已将企业没有的传染成本内部化。
更新日期:2022-02-11
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