Conditionality is often considered a key feature of Payments for Ecosystem Services (PES) and other incentive-based conservation programs. Critical components of conditionality – monitoring and sanctions for noncompliance – have received relatively little attention. We identified five groups of potential drivers of compliance based on the concepts of material costs and benefits; social pressure; environmental values and beliefs; trust, fairness and reciprocity; and household characteristics. We analysed data on 1823 monitoring visits from an incentive-based watershed conservation program in rural Bolivia. Drivers informed by material costs and benefits were significantly associated with compliance. Specifically, three program design features were associated with higher likelihood of compliance: less restrictive contracts, larger areas under contract, and having been previously monitored for compliance. Other drivers, including sensitivity to social pressure, environmental values/beliefs, trust, fairness and reciprocity, and household demographic and economic characteristics, were not consistently associated with compliance rates. These results suggest that conservation professionals and policy makers have a large amount of control over compliance in PES, and that clear communication with participants about program objectives and conditions and meaningful and repeated monitoring are key elements of successful and effective PES.

条件性通常被认为是生态系统服务付费 (PES) 和其他基于激励的保护计划的一个关键特征。条件的关键组成部分——对违规行为的监测和制裁——受到的关注相对较少。我们根据材料成本和收益的概念确定了五组潜在的合规驱动因素；社会压力；环境价值观和信念；信任、公平和互惠；和家庭特点。我们分析了玻利维亚农村基于奖励的流域保护计划的 1823 次监测访问数据。了解材料成本和收益的驱动因素与合规性显着相关。具体而言，三个项目设计特征与更高的合规可能性相关：限制性较低的合同，合同范围内的较大区域，并且之前已接受过合规性监控。其他驱动因素，包括对社会压力的敏感性、环境价值观/信念、信任、公平和互惠，以及家庭人口和经济特征，与合规率并不一致。这些结果表明，保护专业人员和决策者对 PES 的合规性有很大的控制权，与参与者就项目目标和条件进行清晰的沟通以及有意义和重复的监测是成功和有效的 PES 的关键要素。与合规率并不一致。这些结果表明，保护专业人员和决策者对 PES 的合规性有很大的控制权，与参与者就项目目标和条件进行清晰的沟通以及有意义和重复的监测是成功和有效的 PES 的关键要素。与合规率并不一致。这些结果表明，保护专业人员和决策者对 PES 的合规性有很大的控制权，与参与者就项目目标和条件进行清晰的沟通以及有意义和重复的监测是成功和有效的 PES 的关键要素。