This narrative review presents a biological rationale and evidence to describe how the preoperative condition of the patient contributes to postoperative morbidity. Any preoperative condition that prevents a patient from tolerating the physiological stress of surgery (e.g. poor cardiopulmonary reserve, sarcopaenia), impairs the stress response (e.g. malnutrition, frailty), and/or augments the catabolic response to stress (e.g. insulin resistance) is a risk factor for poor surgical outcomes. Prehabilitation interventions that include exercise, nutrition, and psychosocial components can be applied before surgery to strengthen physiological reserve and enhance functional capacity, which, in turn, supports recovery through attaining surgical resilience. Prehabilitation complements Enhanced Recovery After Surgery (ERAS) care to achieve optimal patient outcomes because recovery is not a passive process and it begins preoperatively.

这篇叙述性综述提供了一个生物学原理和证据来描述患者的术前状况如何导致术后发病率。任何阻止患者耐受手术生理压力（例如心肺储备不足、肌肉减少症）、削弱压力反应（例如营养不良、虚弱）和/或增强对压力的分解代谢反应（例如胰岛素抵抗）的任何术前状况都是手术结果不佳的危险因素。可以在手术前应用包括运动、营养和心理社会成分在内的康复干预措施，以加强生理储备和增强功能能力，进而通过获得手术恢复力来支持康复。