A decade of proboscis monkey (Nasalis larvatus) population monitoring in Balikpapan Bay: Confronting predictions with empirical data,American Journal of Primatology

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A decade of proboscis monkey (Nasalis larvatus) population monitoring in Balikpapan Bay: Confronting predictions with empirical data
American Journal of Primatology ( IF 2.0 ) Pub Date : 2022-01-07 , DOI: 10.1002/ajp.23357
Tadeáš Toulec ₁ , Stanislav Lhota _{2,

3} , Katherine Scott ₄ , Alexander K S Putera ₅ , Wawan Kustiawan ₆ , Vincent Nijman ₄

Affiliation

Systematic and well-structured monitoring is essential for taxa with high extinction risk such as primates. Endangered proboscis monkeys Nasalis larvatus are endemic to Borneo, where they are found scattered across lowland habitats of the island, which are under strong anthropogenic pressure. A large population of proboscis monkeys in Balikpapan Bay, Indonesian Borneo, was predicted to decline due to the ongoing habitat loss and degradation, notably because of forest fires. We examined changes in the number and composition of groups of a part of this population from 2007 to 2017, which included a period of forest fires linked to the El Niño–Southern Oscillation events. We conducted a census from a boat; attempting to locate all proboscis monkey groups within the Balikpapan City administrative area in 2007, 2012, and 2017. During the most recent census, we observed a total number of 60 proboscis monkey groups in two subpopulations. The population density was 1.14 group per km² of suitable habitat. Contrary to previously published predictions, we did not find evidence of a population decline. Contrary to predictions, the 2015 El Niño induced fires impacted mainly forests on ridges and slopes, thus affecting only a small part of the proboscis monkey habitat located close to rivers and mangrove swamps. However, the increasing population density of monkeys, coupled with ongoing habitat degradation and habitat loss in one of the subpopulations, suggests that proboscis monkey population in Balikpapan Bay may be approaching a limit of resilience to habitat changes. In case it proves infeasible to census all individuals in the whole population, we recommend using a group-level census, connected with systematic group counts to obtain a reasonably precise proboscis monkey population size estimate.

中文翻译：

巴厘巴板湾长鼻猴 (Nasalis larvatus) 种群监测十年：用经验数据应对预测

系统和结构良好的监测对于具有高灭绝风险的类群（如灵长类动物）至关重要。濒临灭绝的长鼻猴Nasalis larvatus是婆罗洲特有的，在那里它们散布在岛上的低地栖息地，这些栖息地受到强大的人为压力。由于持续的栖息地丧失和退化，尤其是森林火灾，预计印度尼西亚婆罗洲巴厘巴板湾的大量长鼻猴数量将减少。我们研究了从 2007 年到 2017 年，部分人口的群体数量和组成的变化，其中包括与厄尔尼诺现象-南方涛动事件相关的一段森林火灾。我们在船上进行了一次人口普查；试图在 2007 年、2012 年和 2017 年定位巴厘巴板市行政区域内的所有长鼻猴群。在最近的人口普查中，我们在两个亚群中观察到总共 60 只长鼻猴群。人口密度为每公里1.14组²适宜栖息地。与之前发表的预测相反，我们没有发现人口下降的证据。与预测相反，2015 年厄尔尼诺现象引发的火灾主要影响山脊和山坡上的森林，因此仅影响靠近河流和红树林沼泽的长鼻猴栖息地的一小部分。然而，猴子种群密度的增加，加上其中一个亚种群的栖息地退化和栖息地丧失，表明巴厘巴板湾的长鼻猴种群可能正在接近栖息地变化的弹性极限。如果对整个种群中的所有个体进行普查证明是不可行的，我们建议使用群体水平的普查，并结合系统的群体计数来获得合理精确的长鼻猴种群规模估计。

更新日期：2022-02-10

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