Cryptocurrencies and future financial crime,Crime Science

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Cryptocurrencies and future financial crime
Crime Science ( IF 3.1 ) Pub Date : 2022-01-05 , DOI: 10.1186/s40163-021-00163-8
Arianna Trozze _{1,

2,

3} , Josh Kamps _{1,

2} , Eray Arda Akartuna _{1,

2} , Florian J Hetzel ₂ , Bennett Kleinberg _{1,

2,

4} , Toby Davies ₂ , Shane D Johnson _{1,

2}

Affiliation

Background

Cryptocurrency fraud has become a growing global concern, with various governments reporting an increase in the frequency of and losses from cryptocurrency scams. Despite increasing fraudulent activity involving cryptocurrencies, research on the potential of cryptocurrencies for fraud has not been examined in a systematic study. This review examines the current state of knowledge about what kinds of cryptocurrency fraud currently exist, or are expected to exist in the future, and provides comprehensive definitions of the frauds identified.

Methods

The study involved a scoping review of academic research and grey literature on cryptocurrency fraud and a 1.5-day expert consensus exercise. The review followed the PRISMA-ScR protocol, with eligibility criteria based on language, publication type, relevance to cryptocurrency fraud, and evidence provided. Researchers screened 391 academic records, 106 of which went on to the eligibility phase, and 63 of which were ultimately analysed. We screened 394 grey literature sources, 128 of which passed on to the eligibility phase, and 53 of which were included in our review. The expert consensus exercise was attended by high-profile participants from the private sector, government, and academia. It involved problem planning and analysis activities and discussion about the future of cryptocurrency crime.

Results

The academic literature identified 29 different types of cryptocurrency fraud; the grey literature discussed 32 types, 14 of which were not identified in the academic literature (i.e., 47 unique types in total). Ponzi schemes and (synonymous) high yield investment programmes were most discussed across all literature. Participants in the expert consensus exercise ranked pump-and-dump schemes and ransomware as the most profitable and feasible threats, though pump-and-dumps were, notably, perceived as the least harmful type of fraud.

Conclusions

The findings of this scoping review suggest cryptocurrency fraud research is rapidly developing in volume and breadth, though we remain at an early stage of thinking about future problems and scenarios involving cryptocurrencies. The findings of this work emphasise the need for better collaboration across sectors and consensus on definitions surrounding cryptocurrency fraud to address the problems identified.

中文翻译：

加密货币和未来的金融犯罪

背景

加密货币欺诈已成为全球日益关注的问题，各国政府报告加密货币诈骗的频率和损失有所增加。尽管涉及加密货币的欺诈活动不断增加，但对加密货币欺诈潜力的研究尚未经过系统研究。本次审查审查了目前存在或预计未来存在哪些类型的加密货币欺诈的当前知识状况，并提供了已识别欺诈的全面定义。

方法

该研究涉及对有关加密货币欺诈的学术研究和灰色文献的范围审查以及为期 1.5 天的专家共识练习。审查遵循 PRISMA-ScR 协议，资格标准基于语言、出版物类型、与加密货币欺诈的相关性以及提供的证据。研究人员筛选了 391 份学术记录，其中 106 份进入资格阶段，其中 63 份最终进行了分析。我们筛选了 394 个灰色文献来源，其中 128 个进入资格阶段，其中 53 个纳入我们的审查。来自私营部门、政府和学术界的知名人士参加了专家共识活动。它涉及问题规划和分析活动以及有关加密货币犯罪未来的讨论。

结果

学术文献确定了 29 种不同类型的加密货币欺诈行为；灰色文献讨论了 32 种类型，其中 14 种未在学术文献中确定（即总共 47 种独特类型）。庞氏骗局和（同义的）高收益投资计划在所有文献中讨论最多。专家共识活动的参与者将拉高抛售计划和勒索软件列为最有利可图、最可行的威胁，尽管拉高抛售被认为是危害最小的欺诈类型。