Needle-free jet injectors have been proposed as an alternative to injections with hypodermic needles. Currently, a handful of commercial needle-free jet injectors already exist. However, these injectors are designed for specific injections, typically limited to large injection volumes into the deeper layers beneath the skin. There is growing evidence of advantages when delivering small volumes into the superficial skin layers, namely the epidermis and dermis. Injections such as vaccines and insulin would benefit from delivery into these superficial layers. Furthermore, the same technology for small volume needle-free injections can serve (medical) tattooing as well as other personalized medicine treatments.

The research dedicated to needle-free jet injectors actuated by laser energy has increased in the last decade. In this case, the absorption of the optical energy by the liquid results in an explosively growing bubble. This bubble displaces the rest of the liquid, resulting in a fast microfluidic jet which can penetrate the skin. This technique allows for precise control over volumes (pL to µL) and penetration depths (µm to mm). Furthermore, these injections can be tuned without changing the device, by varying parameters such as laser power, beam diameter and filling level of the liquid container. Despite the published research on the working principles and capabilities of individual laser-actuated jet injectors, a thorough overview encompassing all of them is lacking. In this perspective, we will discuss the current status of laser-based jet injectors and contrast their advantages and limitations, as well as their potential and challenges.

已提出无针喷射注射器作为皮下注射针的替代方案。目前，少数商用无针喷射注射器已经存在。然而，这些注射器是为特定的注射而设计的，通常仅限于大注射量到皮肤下方的深层。越来越多的证据表明，将小体积输送到浅表皮肤层（即表皮和真皮）具有优势。疫苗和胰岛素等注射剂将受益于递送到这些表层。此外，用于小容量无针注射的相同技术可以用于（医疗）纹身以及其他个性化药物治疗。

在过去十年中，致力于由激光能量驱动的无针喷射注射器的研究有所增加。在这种情况下，液体对光能的吸收会导致气泡爆炸性增长。该气泡会置换其余的液体，从而产生可以穿透皮肤的快速微流体射流。这种技术可以精确控制体积（pL 到 µL）和穿透深度（µm 到 mm）。此外，通过改变激光功率、光束直径和液体容器的填充水平等参数，可以在不改变设备的情况下调整这些注射。尽管已发表关于单个激光驱动喷射器的工作原理和能力的研究，但仍缺乏涵盖所有这些的全面概述。从这个角度来看，