Kruger and Dunning (1999) described a metacognitive bias in which insight into performance is linked to competence: poorer performers are less aware of their mistakes than better performers. Competence-based insight has been argued to apply generally across task domains, including a recent report investigating social cognition using a variety of face-matching tasks. Problematically, serious statistical and methodological criticisms have been directed against the traditional method of analysis used by researchers in this field. Here, we further illustrate these issues and investigate new sources of insight within unfamiliar face matching. Over two experiments (total N = 1077), where Experiment 2 was a preregistered replication of the key findings from Experiment 1, we found that insight into performance was multi-faceted. Participants demonstrated insight which was not based on competence, in the form of accurate updating of estimated performance. We also found evidence of insight which was based on competence: the difference in confidence on correct versus incorrect trials increased with competence. By providing ways that we can move beyond problematic, traditional approaches, we have begun to reveal a more realistic story regarding the nature of insight into face perception.

中文翻译：

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陌生面孔匹配过程中的元认知

Kruger 和 Dunning (1999) 描述了一种元认知偏差，其中对绩效的洞察力与能力相关：绩效不佳的人比绩效更好的人更少意识到自己的错误。有人认为，基于能力的洞察力普遍适用于任务领域，包括最近一份使用各种面部匹配任务调查社会认知的报告。有问题的是，严重的统计和方法论批评针对的是该领域研究人员使用的传统分析方法。在这里，我们进一步说明了这些问题，并在不熟悉的人脸匹配中调查了新的洞察力来源。超过两次实验（总共N = 1077)，其中实验 2 是对实验 1 关键发现的预注册复制，我们发现对性能的洞察是多方面的。参与者以准确更新估计绩效的形式展示了并非基于能力的洞察力。我们还发现了基于能力的洞察力的证据：正确与不正确试验的信心差异随着能力的增加而增加。通过提供我们可以超越有问题的传统方法的方法，我们已经开始揭示一个关于洞察面部感知本质的更现实的故事。