Intestinal health is essential for the resistance to enteric diseases and for nutrient digestion and absorption to support growth. The intestine of nursery pigs are immature and vulnerable to external challenges, which cause negative impacts on the structure and function of the intestine. Among nutritional interventions, the benefits of milk are significant for the intestinal health of pigs. Milk coproducts have traditionally been used in starter feeds to improve the growth of nursery pigs, but their use is somewhat limited due to the high costs and potential risks of excessive lactose on the intestine. Thus, understanding a proper feeding level of milk carbohydrates is an important start of the feeding strategy. For nursery pigs, lactose is considered a highly digestible energy source compared with plant-based starch, whereas milk oligosaccharides are considered bioactive compounds modulating intestinal immunity and microbiota. Therefore, milk carbohydrates, mainly composed of lactose and oligosaccharides, have essential roles in the intestinal development and functions of nursery pigs. The proper feeding levels of lactose in starter feeds could be variable by weaning age, body weight, or genetic lines. Effects of lactose and milk oligosaccharides have been broadly studied in human health and animal production. Therefore, this review focuses on the mechanisms of lactose and milk oligosaccharides affecting intestinal maturation and functions through modulation of enterocyte proliferation, intestinal immunity, and intestinal microbiota of nursery pigs.

中文翻译：

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乳碳水化合物在保育猪肠道健康中的作用：综述

肠道健康对于抵抗肠道疾病和营养消化和吸收以支持生长至关重要。保育猪的肠道不成熟，容易受到外界的挑战，对肠道的结构和功能造成负面影响。在营养干预措施中，牛奶对猪的肠道健康具有重要意义。传统上，乳副产品被用于发酵饲料中以促进保育猪的生长，但由于成本高且肠道内乳糖过多的潜在风险，它们的使用受到了一定的限制。因此，了解适当的牛奶碳水化合物喂养水平是喂养策略的重要开始​​。对于保育猪来说，与植物性淀粉相比，乳糖被认为是一种高度易消化的能量来源，而牛奶低聚糖被认为是调节肠道免疫和微生物群的生物活性化合物。因此，主要由乳糖和低聚糖组成的乳碳水化合物对保育猪的肠道发育和功能具有重要作用。起始饲料中乳糖的适当饲喂水平可能因断奶年龄、体重或遗传系而异。乳糖和牛奶低聚糖的作用已在人类健康和动物生产中得到广泛研究。因此，本综述重点关注乳糖和乳寡糖通过调节保育猪的肠细胞增殖、肠道免疫和肠道微生物群影响肠道成熟和功能的机制。主要由乳糖和寡糖组成，对保育猪的肠道发育和功能具有重要作用。起始饲料中乳糖的适当饲喂水平可能因断奶年龄、体重或遗传系而异。乳糖和牛奶低聚糖的作用已在人类健康和动物生产中得到广泛研究。因此，本综述重点关注乳糖和乳寡糖通过调节保育猪的肠细胞增殖、肠道免疫和肠道微生物群影响肠道成熟和功能的机制。主要由乳糖和寡糖组成，对保育猪的肠道发育和功能具有重要作用。起始饲料中乳糖的适当饲喂水平可能因断奶年龄、体重或遗传系而异。乳糖和牛奶低聚糖的作用已在人类健康和动物生产中得到广泛研究。因此，本综述重点关注乳糖和乳寡糖通过调节保育猪的肠细胞增殖、肠道免疫和肠道微生物群影响肠道成熟和功能的机制。乳糖和牛奶低聚糖的作用已在人类健康和动物生产中得到广泛研究。因此，本综述重点关注乳糖和乳寡糖通过调节保育猪的肠细胞增殖、肠道免疫和肠道微生物群影响肠道成熟和功能的机制。乳糖和牛奶低聚糖的作用已在人类健康和动物生产中得到广泛研究。因此，本综述重点关注乳糖和乳寡糖通过调节保育猪的肠细胞增殖、肠道免疫和肠道微生物群影响肠道成熟和功能的机制。