Licensing has been a key instrument in the management of Norwegian aquaculture.This article reviews the licensing regime right from the start in 1973 to the present.Originally there was one licensing regime for commercial production of salmon and trout, while today there are ten different systems. The article reviews these ten systems, with particular emphasis on the special purpose licenses, most often created on request from the industry. The green licenses as well as development licenses are described more in detail, while licenses for land-based and offshore production are also included. While the special purpose licenses no doubt have served collective needs in the industry, such as education, research and innovation, they have also acted as backdoor to cheaper licenses. (The ordinary commercial licenses now are traded in the range of USD 15–20 million for a standard license of 780 tons of maximum allowable biomass (MAB)). Their effects on the ordinary license system, where growth is now regulated by the traffic light system, seem to be largely underestimated. In spite of turning the allocation of licenses into a more objective process, there is still a large degree of political and administrative discretion involved. The complete system has over time become very complicated and difficult to control. Attempts of reforming the system have so far largely been unsuccessful. The article ends by describing various reform proposals and concludes with some generic lessons.

许可一直是挪威水产养殖管理的关键工具。本文回顾了从 1973 年开始到现在的许可制度。最初有一种用于鲑鱼和鳟鱼商业生产的许可制度，而今天有十种不同的制度. 本文回顾了这十个系统，特别强调了通常应行业要求创建的特殊用途许可证。更详细地描述了绿色许可证和开发许可证，同时还包括陆上和海上生产许可证。虽然特殊用途许可证无疑满足了行业的集体需求，例如教育、研究和创新，但它们也充当了获取更便宜许可证的后门。（普通商业许可证现在的交易范围为 15-2000 万美元，用于 780 吨最大允许生物质 (MAB) 的标准许可证）。它们对普通许可证制度的影响似乎在很大程度上被低估了，该制度的增长现在由交通灯系统调节。尽管将许可证的分配变成了一个更加客观的过程，但仍然存在很大程度的政治和行政自由裁量权。随着时间的推移，整个系统变得非常复杂且难以控制。迄今为止，改革该制度的尝试基本上没有成功。文章最后描述了各种改革建议，并总结了一些通用的经验教训。增长现在由交通信号灯系统调控的地方，似乎在很大程度上被低估了。尽管将许可证的分配变成了一个更加客观的过程，但仍然存在很大程度的政治和行政自由裁量权。随着时间的推移，整个系统变得非常复杂且难以控制。迄今为止，改革该制度的尝试基本上没有成功。文章最后描述了各种改革建议，并总结了一些通用的经验教训。增长现在由交通信号灯系统调控的地方，似乎在很大程度上被低估了。尽管将许可证的分配变成了一个更加客观的过程，但仍然存在很大程度的政治和行政自由裁量权。随着时间的推移，整个系统变得非常复杂且难以控制。迄今为止，改革该制度的尝试基本上没有成功。文章最后描述了各种改革建议，并总结了一些通用的经验教训。迄今为止，改革该制度的尝试基本上没有成功。文章最后描述了各种改革建议，并总结了一些通用的经验教训。迄今为止，改革该制度的尝试基本上没有成功。文章最后描述了各种改革建议，并总结了一些通用的经验教训。