ABSTRACT

Many diverse fields across academia are interested in the fake news (FN) phenomenon. A multidisciplinary literature review can provide researchers with new insights, alternative methods, and theories from other fields. The present review incorporates FN research across fields and organizes it into three categories: FN Stimuli, the triggers and impetus for people and organizations to engage with FN; FN Actions, which encompass the activities and processes undertaken in FN; and FN Outcomes, the effects and consequences of FN Actions. Within these categories, we systematize research topics into major themes. Stimuli: motivation; Actions: fabrication, propagation, mitigation; and Outcomes: persuasion, conviction, polarization, and aversion. We identify relationships that are important in understanding the impact on society: the cycle of amplification, the cycle of fragmentation, and the progression from social polarization and aversion into motivation for more fake news. Last, we distinguish FN roles, including creators, consumers, influencers, endorsers, propagators, and resistors.

摘要

学术界的许多不同领域都对假新闻 (FN) 现象感兴趣。多学科文献综述可以为研究人员提供来自其他领域的新见解、替代方法和理论。本综述整合了跨领域的 FN 研究，并将其分为三类：FN 刺激、个人和组织参与 FN 的触发因素和动力；FN 行动，包括在 FN 中进行的活动和过程；和 FN 结果，FN 行动的影响和后果。在这些类别中，我们将研究主题系统化为主要主题。刺激：动机；行动：制造、传播、缓解；和结果：说服、信念、两极分化和厌恶。我们确定对理解对社会的影响很重要的关系：放大循环，分裂的循环，以及从社会两极分化和厌恶到更多假新闻动机的进展。最后，我们区分FN角色，包括创作者、消费者、影响者、背书者、传播者和抵抗者。