Canine obesity is associated with reduced lifespan and metabolic dysfunction, but can be managed by dietary intervention. This study aimed to determine the effects of restricted feeding of a high-protein, high-fiber (HPHF) diet and weight loss on body composition, physical activity, blood metabolites, and fecal microbiota and metabolites of overweight dogs. Twelve spayed female dogs (age: 5.5 ± 1.1 yr; body weight [BW]: 14.8 ± 2.0 kg, body condition score [BCS]: 7.9 ± 0.8) were fed a HPHF diet during a 4-wk baseline phase to maintain BW. After baseline (week 0), dogs were first fed 80% of baseline intake and then adjusted to target 1.5% weekly weight loss for 24 wk. Body composition using dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry and blood samples (weeks 0, 6, 12, 18, and 24), voluntary physical activity (weeks 0, 7, 15, and 23), and fresh fecal samples for microbiota and metabolite analysis (weeks 0, 4, 8, 12, 16, 20, and 24) were measured over time. Microbiota data were analyzed using QIIME 2. All data were analyzed statistically over time using SAS 9.4. After 24 wk, dogs lost 31.2% of initial BW and had 1.43 ± 0.73% weight loss per week. BCS decreased (P < 0.0001) by 2.7 units, fat mass decreased (P < 0.0001) by 3.1 kg, and fat percentage decreased (P < 0.0001) by 11.7% with weight loss. Many serum metabolites and hormones were altered, with triglycerides, leptin, insulin, C-reactive protein, and interleukin-6 decreasing (P < 0.05) with weight loss. Relative abundances of fecal Bifidobacterium, Coriobacteriaceae UCG-002, undefined Muribaculaceae, Allobaculum, Eubacterium, Lachnospira, Negativivibacillus, Ruminococcus gauvreauii group, uncultured Erysipelotrichaceae, and Parasutterella increased (P < 0.05), whereas Prevotellaceae Ga6A1 group, Catenibacterium, Erysipelatoclostridium, Fusobacterium, Holdemanella, Lachnoclostridium, Lactobacillus, Megamonas, Peptoclostridium, Ruminococcus gnavus group, and Streptococcus decreased (P < 0.01) with weight loss. Despite the number of significant changes, a state of dysbiosis was not observed in overweight dogs. Fecal ammonia and secondary bile acids decreased, whereas fecal valerate increased with weight loss. Several correlations between gut microbial taxa and biological parameters were observed. Our results suggest that restricted feeding of a HPHF diet and weight loss promotes fat mass loss, minimizes lean mass loss, reduces inflammatory marker and triglyceride concentrations, and modulates fecal microbiota phylogeny and activity in overweight dogs.

中文翻译：

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减肥和高蛋白、高纤维饮食消费会影响成年犬的血液代谢物概况、身体成分、自愿体力活动、粪便微生物群和粪便代谢物

犬类肥胖与寿命缩短和代谢功能障碍有关，但可以通过饮食干预来控制。本研究旨在确定限制喂养高蛋白、高纤维 (HPHF) 饮食和体重减轻对超重犬的身体成分、身体活动、血液代谢物、粪便微生物群和代谢物的影响。12 只绝育母犬（年龄：5.5 ± 1.1 岁；体重 [BW]：14.8 ± 2.0 kg，身体状况评分 [BCS]：7.9 ± 0.8）在 4 周的基线阶段喂食 HPHF 饮食以维持 BW。基线后（第 0 周），狗首先被喂食基线摄入量的 80%，然后调整为 24 周每周减重 1.5% 的目标。使用双能 X 射线吸收测定法和血液样本（第 0、6、12、18 和 24 周）的身体成分，自愿身体活动（第 0、7、15 和 23 周），随着时间的推移测量用于微生物群和代谢物分析（第 0、4、8、12、16、20 和 24 周）的新鲜粪便样本。使用 QIIME 2 分析微生物群数据。使用 SAS 9.4 随时间对所有数据进行统计分析。24 周后，狗失去了 31.2% 的初始体重，每周体重减轻 1.43 ± 0.73%。随着体重减轻，BCS 减少 (P < 0.0001) 2.7 个单位，脂肪量减少 (P < 0.0001) 3.1 kg，脂肪百分比减少 (P < 0.0001) 11.7%。许多血清代谢物和激素发生改变，甘油三酯、瘦素、胰岛素、C 反应蛋白和白细胞介素 6 随体重减轻而降低 (P < 0.05)。粪便双歧杆菌、Coriobacteriaceae UCG-002、undefined Muribaculaceae、Allobaculum、Eubacterium、Lachnospira、Negativivibacillus、Ruminococcus gauvreauii 组的相对丰度，未培养的丹毒杆菌、副星菌增加（P＜0.05），普氏菌Ga6A1组、链状杆菌、丹毒梭菌、梭杆菌、霍尔德曼氏菌、毛梭菌、乳杆菌、巨单胞菌、消化梭菌、瘤胃球菌组、链球菌随体重减轻而减少（P＜0.01） . 尽管发生了许多显着变化，但在超重狗中并未观察到生态失调状态。粪便氨和次级胆汁酸减少，而粪便戊酸随着体重减轻而增加。观察到肠道微生物类群与生物学参数之间的几种相关性。我们的结果表明，限制 HPHF 饮食的喂养和体重减轻会促进脂肪量减少，最大限度地减少瘦体重损失，降低炎症标志物和甘油三酯浓度，