The interest in two-dimensional and layered materials continues to expand, driven by the compelling properties of individual atomic layers that can be stacked and/or twisted into synthetic heterostructures. The plethora of electronic properties as well as the emergence of many different quasiparticles, including plasmons, polaritons, trions, and excitons with large, tunable binding energies that all can be controlled and modulated through electrical means, has given rise to many device applications. In addition, these materials exhibit both room-temperature spin and valley polarization, magnetism, superconductivity, piezoelectricity that are intricately dependent on the composition, crystal structure, stacking, twist angle, layer number, and phases of these materials. Initial results on graphene exfoliated from single bulk crystals motivated the development of wide-area, high purity synthesis and heterojunctions with atomically clean interfaces. Now by opening this design space to new synthetic two-dimensional materials “beyond graphene,” it is possible to explore uncharted opportunities in designing novel heterostructures for electrically tunable devices. To fully reveal the emerging functionalities and opportunities of these atomically thin materials in practical applications, this review highlights several representative and noteworthy research directions in the use of electrical means to tune these aforementioned physical and structural properties, with an emphasis on discussing major applications of beyond graphene 2D materials in tunable devices in recent years and an outlook of what is to come in the next decade.

中文翻译：

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石墨烯以外的电可调二维材料的机遇：近期进展和未来展望

在可以堆叠和/或扭曲成合成异质结构的单个原子层的引人注目的特性的推动下，对二维和分层材料的兴趣继续扩大。大量的电子特性以及许多不同准粒子的出现，包括等离子体激元、极化子、三重子和具有大的、可调谐结合能的激子，所有这些都可以通过电手段进行控制和调制，从而产生了许多设备应用。此外，这些材料表现出室温自旋和谷极化、磁性、超导性、压电性，这些都与这些材料的成分、晶体结构、堆叠、扭曲角、层数和相有着复杂的关系。从单块晶体剥离的石墨烯的初步结果推动了大面积、高纯度合成和具有原子清洁界面的异质结的发展。现在，通过向“超越石墨烯”的新型合成二维材料开放这个设计空间，可以探索为电可调器件设计新型异质结构的未知机会。为了充分揭示这些原子级薄材料在实际应用中的新兴功能和机会，本综述重点介绍了使用电学手段调整上述物理和结构特性的几个具有代表性和值得注意的研究方向，