AIMS To further disentangle the role of exposure to drinking of role models (parents, peers, best friends) in the development of young adolescent alcohol use, the current study examined (a) whether parent's alcohol use exposure was associated with alcohol use outcomes among adolescents and (b) whether this association remained significant when including best friend and peer drinking exposure. METHODS A longitudinal study followed 765 adolescents from the Netherlands over 3 years. Adolescents (45.6% male, Mage = 11.78, standard deviation = 0.49 at baseline) completed questionnaires every 6 months, resulting in seven measurement waves. Adolescents reported their own alcohol use and exposure to parental, best friend and peers drinking. RESULTS Multilevel regression analyses indicated that parental alcohol use exposure was positively associated with a higher likelihood of adolescent alcohol use in the past 6 months, drinking in the last month and binge drinking in the last month. These associations remained significant when including exposure to peer and best friend's alcohol use, also when controlling for alcohol use at the previous timepoint (i.e. change in drinking). These associations were also consistent for boys and girls. CONCLUSIONS Throughout early adolescence, parental alcohol exposure matters for their offspring's alcohol use, independently of whether peers or their best friend expose them to alcohol or not. Parental alcohol exposure should be considered in prevention efforts to further decrease the number of adolescents that engage in early alcohol use and binge drinking.

中文翻译：

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即使考虑到最好的朋友和同伴的酒精暴露，父母饮酒与青少年饮酒有关。

目的 为了进一步阐明榜样（父母、同龄人、最好的朋友）饮酒在青少年酒精使用发展中的作用，目前的研究检查了 (a) 父母的酒精使用暴露是否与青少年的酒精使用结果相关(b) 当包括最好的朋友和同伴饮酒暴露时，这种关联是否仍然显着。方法 一项纵向研究跟踪了来自荷兰的 765 名青少年超过 3 年。青少年（45.6% 男性，Mage = 11.78，基线标准差 = 0.49）每 6 个月完成一次问卷调查，产生七次测量波。青少年报告了他们自己的酒精使用情况以及父母、最好的朋友和同龄人饮酒的情况。结果 多水平回归分析表明，父母饮酒暴露与过去 6 个月、上个月饮酒和上个月酗酒的青少年饮酒的可能性较高呈正相关。当包括暴露于同伴和最好朋友的酒精使用时，这些关联仍然很重要，在前一个时间点控制酒精使用（即饮酒变化）时也是如此。这些关联对于男孩和女孩来说也是一致的。结论 在整个青春期早期，父母的酒精暴露对他们后代的酒精使用很重要，与同龄人或他们最好的朋友是否让他们接触酒精无关。