Purpose

Gender-transformative programs with men and boys are recognized as a promising strategy for reducing violence against women and girls (VAWG). Reviews of such programs have underscored the need for investments in high-quality studies that measure effects on bio-behavioral outcomes and downstream effects. This article extends the limited evidence on long-term effects of gender-transformative programs with men and boys in India.

Methods

We used data from a cluster randomized trial of a gender-transformative life-skills education cum sports coaching program that sought to promote gender egalitarian attitudes and rejection of VAWG among boys and men aged 13–21 and a follow-up study. Young men were interviewed thrice—before the launch, after the completion, and 5 years after the completion of the trial (N = 853). We used generalized estimating equations models to estimate the short- and long-term effects of the intervention and effect modification by participation level and intervention exposure in early/late adolescence.

Results

The intervention succeeded in promoting gender equitable attitudes and notions of positive masculinity (β = 0.319; p = .012), and attitudes rejecting men’s controlling behaviors (β = 0.428; p = .068) and VAWG (β = 0.673; p = .051) among young men in the long- erm. It reduced their perpetration of intimate partner violence (odds ratio 0.639; p = .062). The long-term positive effects were observed for regular participants only, and greater effects were observed among those exposed to the intervention in early than late adolescence.

Discussion

Exposing boys to gender-transformative programs early on and ensuring their regular intervention participation can have sustained impact on promoting gender egalitarian attitudes and reducing their perpetration of VAWG.

中文翻译：

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接触性别变革计划对年轻男性的长期影响：印度比哈尔邦的一项纵向研究结果

目的

男性和男孩的性别转变计划被认为是减少对妇女和女孩的暴力行为（VAWG）的有希望的战略。对此类计划的审查强调了对衡量对生物行为结果和下游影响的影响的高质量研究进行投资的必要性。本文扩展了关于印度男性和男孩性别转变计划的长期影响的有限证据。

方法

我们使用了一项旨在促进 13-21 岁男孩和男性的性别平等态度和拒绝 VAWG 的性别转化性生活技能教育暨体育教练计划的整群随机试验和一项后续研究的数据。青年男性接受了三次采访——启动前、完成后和试验完成后 5 年（N = 853）。我们使用广义估计方程模型来估计干预的短期和长期影响，并通过参与水平和青春期早期/晚期的干预暴露来进行效果修正。

结果

该干预成功地促进了性别平等的态度和积极男性气质的观念（β = 0.319；p  = .012），以及拒绝男性控制行为的态度（β = 0.428；p  = .068）和 VAWG（β = 0.673；p  = . 051) 在长期的年轻男性中。它减少了他们对亲密伴侣暴力的实施（优势比 0.639；p  = .062）。仅在常规参与者中观察到了长期的积极影响，而在青春期早期接受干预的人中观察到的影响更大。

讨论

尽早让男孩参与性别转变计划并确保他们定期参与干预可以对促进性别平等主义态度和减少他们对VAWG的实施产生持续影响。