Power system flexibility is seen as a key for addressing the management challenges in the future smart grids. Distributed Energy Resources (DERs) can provide the necessary flexibility to: a) maintain a stable frequency and a secure energy supply in an overall system perspective, and b) maintain bus voltages and secure transfer capacities in their local networks. In this context, Flexibility Service Providers (FSPs) facilitate the management of the transmission and the distribution network, while at the same time they optimally exploit their DERs. This work proposes a bilevel model for an FSP owning distributed Battery Storage Units and participating in: i) wholesale Energy, Reserve and Balancing Markets, and ii) a novel distribution-level Flexibility Market. The developed model is applied to the IEEE 33-bus radial distribution system and the results demonstrate that it achieves superlinear gains. Finally, a sensitivity analysis is conducted to study the impact of several externalities on the FSP's decisions.

中文翻译：

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通过新兴的灵活性市场实现分布式电池存储单元的堆叠收入最大化

电力系统灵活性被视为解决未来智能电网管理挑战的关键。分布式能源 (DER) 可以提供必要的灵活性，以：a) 从整个系统的角度维持稳定的频率和安全的能源供应，以及 b) 维持本地网络中的总线电压和安全传输容量。在这种情况下，灵活性服务提供商 (FSP) 促进了输电和配电网络的管理，同时他们最佳地利用了他们的 DER。这项工作为拥有分布式电池存储单元并参与的 FSP 提出了一个双层模型：i) 批发能源、储备和平衡市场，以及 ii) 一个新颖的分销级灵活市场。开发的模型应用于 IEEE 33 总线径向配电系统，结果表明它实现了超线性增益。最后，进行敏感性分析以研究若干外部因素对 FSP 决策的影响。