Recent years have seen a surge of interest in distributed residential batteries for households with renewable generation. Yet, assuring battery assets are profitable for their owners requires a complex optimisation of the battery asset and additional revenue sources, such as novel ways to access wholesale energy markets. In this paper, we propose a framework in which wholesale market bids are placed on forward energy markets by an aggregator of distributed residential batteries that are controlled in real time by a novel Home Energy Management System (HEMS) control algorithm to meet the market commitments, while maximising local self-consumption. The proposed framework consists of three stages. In the first stage, an optimal day-ahead or intra-day scheduling of the aggregated storage assets is computed centrally. For the second stage, a bidding strategy is developed for wholesale energy markets. Finally, in the third stage, a novel HEMS real-time control algorithm based on a smart contract allows coordination of residential batteries to meet the market commitments and maximise self-consumption of local production. Using a case study provided by a large U.K.-based energy demonstrator, we apply the framework to an aggregator with 70 residential batteries. Experimental analysis is done using real per minute data for demand and production. Results indicate that the proposed approach increases the aggregator's revenues by 35% compared to a case without residential flexibility, and increases the self-consumption rate of the households by a factor of two. The robustness of the results to uncertainty, forecast errors and to communication latency is also demonstrated.

中文翻译：

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通过区块链支持的市场出口承诺实时控制分布式电池


近年来，人们对可再生能源发电家庭的分布式住宅电池的兴趣激增。然而，确保电池资产为其所有者带来利润需要对电池资产和额外收入来源进行复杂的优化，例如进入批发能源市场的新方法。在本文中，我们提出了一个框架，其中批发市场投标由分布式住宅电池聚合器在远期能源市场上进行，该聚合器由新型家庭能源管理系统（HEMS）控制算法实时控制，以满足市场承诺，同时最大限度地提高当地的自我消费。拟议的框架由三个阶段组成。在第一阶段，集中计算聚合存储资产的最佳日前或日内调度。第二阶段，为批发能源市场制定竞价策略。最后，在第三阶段，基于智能合约的新型 HEMS 实时控制算法可以协调住宅电池，以满足市场承诺并最大限度地提高本地生产的自我消耗。通过英国一家大型能源示范机构提供的案例研究，我们将该框架应用于拥有 70 个住宅电池的聚合器。实验分析是使用每分钟的实际需求和生产数据来完成的。结果表明，与没有住宅灵活性的情况相比，所提出的方法使聚合商的收入增加了 35%，并将家庭的自我消费率提高了两倍。还证明了结果对不确定性、预测误差和通信延迟的稳健性。