Agricultural Systems ( IF 6.1 ) Pub Date : 2021-12-20 , DOI: 10.1016/j.agsy.2021.103354 Yann Boulestreau 1, 2 , Claire-Lise Peyras 1 , Marion Casagrande 1, 3 , Mireille Navarrete 1
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CONTEXT
High pesticide use causes environmental and human health hazards. Yet, the change to alternative crop protection practices faces a web of interacting barriers that results in a sociotechnical lock-in. Designing “coupled innovation” has been proposed by agricultural scientists to overcome the barriers that prevent change in practices. Coupled innovations consist of developing jointly innovations both at the farm and the agrifood system level to overcome the lock-in.
OBJECTIVE
In this study, we aim at characterizing how existing coupled innovations foster the implementation of agroecological crop protection in French vegetable systems.
METHODS
‘Tracking down coupled innovation’ method consisted of six steps: (i) identification of the existing coupled innovations in vegetable systems across France; (ii) interview of their stakeholders; (iii) identification, based on the interviews and an analytical framework, of the sociotechnical levers involved in the coupled innovations and the functions the levers perform to foster agroecological crop protection; (iv) characterization of the conditions for the coupled innovation implementation based on 20 categorical variables; (v) typology of the innovations based on the lever functions they performed, using a multiple correspondence analysis followed by hierarchical cluster analysis on principal components; (vi) comprehensive analysis of one typical innovation per cluster, to understand in-depth how it was implemented.
RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS
We identified 40 coupled innovations, 17 sociotechnical lever functions and 5 consistent clusters of coupled innovations each implementing a specific combination of lever functions. The five clusters consist of: (1) co-developing and diffusing new inputs and related knowledge through specific knowledge infrastructure, (2) facilitating farmers' peer-exchange of knowledge, (3) (re)structuring the food value chain to support the implementation of agroecological crop protection, (4) pooling material and cognitive resources and (5) renting or exchanging fields to support crop diversification. Key conditions for innovation success were the support of intermediaries, a shared vision and trust between stakeholders, their active involvement, and a limited physical distance between them. The comprehensive analysis of the typical innovations illustrated, for each cluster, the complex relation between the sociotechnical levers, the functions they perform, the network involved, the ACP practices implemented and the conditions for successful implementation.
SIGNIFICANCE
Tracking down coupled innovation produced knowledge that can support the coupled innovation design in other contexts, hence the sustainability transition of the agrifood systems. It can complement the study of innovative farmers' practices with capitalizing knowledge on the means to overcome barriers to the implementation of these practices.
中文翻译：
追踪支持农业生态蔬菜作物保护的耦合创新，以促进农业食品系统的可持续性转型
语境
大量使用农药会对环境和人类健康造成危害。然而，替代作物保护实践的改变面临着一个相互作用的障碍网络，导致社会技术锁定。农业科学家提出设计“耦合创新”，以克服阻碍实践变革的障碍。耦合创新包括在农场和农业食品系统层面共同开发创新以克服锁定。
客观的
在这项研究中，我们旨在描述现有的耦合创新如何促进法国蔬菜系统中农业生态作物保护的实施。
方法
“追踪耦合创新”方法包括六个步骤：(i) 识别法国各地蔬菜系统中现有的耦合创新；(ii) 与其利益相关者的面谈；(iii) 根据访谈和分析框架，确定耦合创新中涉及的社会技术杠杆以及这些杠杆在促进农业生态作物保护方面所发挥的作用；(iv) 基于 20 个分类变量的耦合创新实施条件的表征；(v) 基于他们执行的杠杆功能的创新类型学，使用多重对应分析，然后对主要成分进行层次聚类分析；(vi) 对每个集群的一项典型创新进行综合分析，以深入了解其实施方式。
结果和结论
我们确定了 40 个耦合创新、17 个社会技术杠杆函数和 5 个一致的耦合创新集群，每个集群都实现了杠杆功能的特定组合。这五个集群包括：(1) 通过特定的知识基础设施共同开发和传播新的投入物和相关知识，(2) 促进农民之间的知识交流，(3)（重新）构建食品价值链以支持实施农业生态作物保护，(4) 汇集物质和认知资源，以及 (5) 租用或交换田地以支持作物多样化。创新成功的关键条件是中间人的支持、利益相关者之间的共同愿景和信任、他们的积极参与以及他们之间有限的物理距离。对典型创新的综合分析说明，
意义
追踪耦合创新产生的知识可以支持其他情况下的耦合创新设计，从而实现农业食品系统的可持续性转型。它可以通过利用有关克服实施这些实践的障碍的方法的知识来补充对创新农民实践的研究。
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