The adaptation-based approach to development under stress emphasizes how early-life environments calibrate the development of traits and capabilities in ways that increase evolutionary fitness. Rooted in evolutionary theory, the adaptation-based approach offers an alternative to the prevailing deficit model for development under stress. The utility and impact of this approach, however, depend on the ability to find convincing evidence for developmental adaptations to stress and eliminate alternative explanations. In this essay, I briefly discuss some of the challenges faced by the adaptation-based approach, specifically as it employs life history theory. I also suggest several avenues for improvement, including generating specific theoretical predictions, using consistent operational definitions, designing studies with adequate controls and assessing mediating pathways.

中文翻译：

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识别对早期生活压力的发育适应

基于适应的压力下发展方法强调早期生活环境如何以增加进化适应性的方式校准特征和能力的发展。植根于进化理论，基于适应的方法为压力下的发展提供了一种替代流行的赤字模型。然而，这种方法的效用和影响取决于找到令人信服的证据来证明发展适应压力和消除替代解释的能力。在这篇文章中，我简要讨论了基于适应的方法所面临的一些挑战，特别是因为它采用了生活史理论。我还提出了几种改进途径，包括生成具体的理论预测，使用一致的操作定义，