Rye (Secale cereale L.) is a minor cereal with potential to support sustainable farming practices. This study evaluated the performance of four old and modern European open-pollinated winter rye cultivars grown with different nitrogen (N) sources (cattle slurry, farmyard manure, biogas digestate, mineral N) at two rates of N 50 and 100 kg ha⁻¹ in the United Kingdom and Estonia, in the 2014–2015 and 2015–2016 growing seasons. Grain yield in Estonia was higher than the United Kingdom (6.2 vs. 4.8 t ha⁻¹), which was attributed to a higher ear density (409.4 vs. 249.7 ears m⁻²) and grain number per ear (50.2 vs. 43.2), although 1,000-grain weight was higher in the United Kingdom. There were clear differences between sites in the response to N source with significant N source × year interactions. Biogas digestate and mineral N produced higher grain yield than farmyard manure and cattle slurry in the United Kingdom, whereas in Estonia cattle slurry had a lower grain yield than the other N sources. Foliar diseases were absent in Estonia and in the United Kingdom, and N source only affected powdery mildew and leaf blotch on Leaf 2. The response of grain quality to N source and variety was consistent across both sites. The modern variety Elias had the highest Hagberg falling number and specific weight but the lowest protein content, whereas the variety Schlägler had the highest protein content but lowest specific weight. The benefits of selecting cultivars for specific environments are shown by the interactions between genotype and environment.

中文翻译：

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评估氮肥用量和来源对开放授粉黑麦 (Secale graine L.) 品种在对比欧洲环境中表现的影响

黑麦 ( Secale graine L.) 是一种具有支持可持续农业实践潜力的小谷物。本研究评估了四种使用不同氮 (N) 源（牛粪、农家肥、沼气消化液、矿物氮）以 N 50 和 100 kg ha ^-1两种比率种植的欧洲开放授粉冬季黑麦品种的性能。在英国和爱沙尼亚，在 2014-2015 和 2015-2016 生长季节。爱沙尼亚的粮食产量高于英国（6.2 vs. 4.8 t ha ^-1），这归因于较高的穗密度（409.4 vs. 249.7 穗 m ^-2) 和每穗粒数（50.2 对 43.2），尽管英国的 1,000 粒重更高。站点之间对 N 源的响应存在明显差异，具有显着的 N 源 × 年相互作用。在英国，沼气沼渣和矿物氮比农家肥和牛粪产生更高的粮食产量，而在爱沙尼亚，牛粪的粮食产量低于其他氮源。爱沙尼亚和英国没有叶面病害，氮源仅影响叶 2 的白粉病和叶斑病。两个地点的谷物质量对氮源和品种的反应是一致的。现代品种 Elias 的 Hagberg 下降数和比重最高，但蛋白质含量最低，而 Schlägler 品种的蛋白质含量最高，但比重最低。