Amino acids modulate glucose homeostasis. Cytosolic levels of amino acids are regulated by amino acid transporters, modulating insulin release, protein synthesis, cell proliferation, cell fate, and metabolism. In β-cells, amino acid transporters modulate incretin-stimulated insulin release. In the liver, amino acid transporters provide glutamine and alanine for gluconeogenesis. Intestinal amino acid transporters facilitate the intake of amino acids causing protein restriction when inactive. Adipocyte development is regulated by amino acid transporters through activation of mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTORC1) and amino acid-related metabolites. The accumulation and metabolism of branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs) in muscle depends on transporters. The integration between amino acid metabolism and transport is critical for the maintenance and function of tissues and cells involved in glucose homeostasis.

氨基酸调节葡萄糖稳态。氨基酸的细胞溶质水平受氨基酸转运蛋白的调节，调节胰岛素释放、蛋白质合成、细胞增殖、细胞命运和新陈代谢。在 β 细胞中，氨基酸转运蛋白调节肠促胰岛素刺激的胰岛素释放。在肝脏中，氨基酸转运蛋白为糖异生提供谷氨酰胺和丙氨酸。肠道氨基酸转运蛋白促进氨基酸的摄入，在不活动时导致蛋白质限制。脂肪细胞发育由氨基酸转运蛋白通过激活雷帕霉素 (mTORC1) 和氨基酸相关代谢物的机械靶点来调节。肌肉中支链氨基酸 (BCAA) 的积累和代谢依赖于转运蛋白。