1 INTRODUCTION

Having romantic relationships free of coercion and violence is one important precondition for the healthy development of adolescents. Violence in adolescent intimate relationships, further defined as teen dating violence (TDV), poses a real threat to adolescents' well-being. After little societal and academic attention to this issue in the 20^th century, TDV has been increasingly researched in the last two decades (e.g., Exner-Cortens et al., 2016; Smith et al., 2015) and is now recognized as a severe global health problem (e.g., McNaughton Reyes et al., 2021). According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC, 2021), TDV is an adverse childhood experience and a type of intimate partner violence that occurs in adolescent relationships. TDV refers to physical, sexual, and psychological violence, and stalking, and it can take place face to face, online, and/or through technology (CDC, 2021).

The increased societal and academic attention to this topic led to numerous studies, examining its prevalence, predictors, consequences, and prevention measures (see Dardis et al., 2015; MacGregor et al., 2019; McNaughton Reyes et al., 2021; Taquette & Monteiro, 2019, for reviews; see Spencer et al., 2020, 2021; Wincentak et al., 2017, for meta-analyses); however, these studies were mainly conducted in North America. The available literature shows that TDV is a widespread issue, experienced and perpetrated by a substantial proportion of adolescents. For example, the meta-analysis by Wincentak et al. (2017) showed that the prevalence rates of TDV across studies ranged between <1% and 61%, with an overall rate of 20% for physical and 9% for sexual violence. These substantial numbers are worrisome considering that TDV is associated with several health sequelae, such as depressive symptoms, substance abuse, and (sexual) risk behaviors (see MacGregor et al., 2019; Taquette & Monteiro, 2019, for reviews). Furthermore, a wide range of predictors of TDV victimization and perpetration, examining factors at different levels, has been addressed. In particular, factors related to biographical experiences, such as witnessing parental violence or child abuse, as well as cognitive and behavioral factors, such as acceptance of violence, alcohol consumption, or experiencing or perpetrating other forms of violence in the past, were examined so far (see Dardis et al., 2015, for a review; see Spencer et al., 2020, 2021, for meta-analyses).

As mentioned above, these data emerged mainly from North America, and the vast majority of knowledge regarding TDV is derived from these North American studies. Although we know that TDV also exists in Europe (see Leen et al., 2013, for a review), too little recent evidence based on European data is currently available and it is unclear whether this phenomenon has the same characteristics, and whether the same mediating mechanisms can be assumed as in North America. For example, a cross-cultural study by Ludin et al. (2018) that examined TDV in the United States and Mexico showed that the strength of relationships between well-established predictors and TDV victimization varied across the two country samples. Previous evidence has also demonstrated that implementing prevention programs originally developed in the United States in other cultural contexts is not straightforward (Hamby et al., 2012). Hence, research outside North America is necessary for a more comprehensive understanding of TDV.

In Europe, corresponding with the Istanbul Convention, the primary focus of past research and prevention has been on violence against women and domestic violence (Council of Europe, 2021). Although a recent European research project provided prevalence rates of victimization by physical and sexual violence in close relationships among young women aged 18–29 (European Union Agency for Fundamental Rights, 2014), this study focused solely on women from the 28 members of the European Union and did not include female adolescents under the age of 18. Also, international multi-country studies on intimate partner violence among adolescent and adult women considered only a few European countries (e.g., Serbia, Ukraine, Moldova; Peterman et al., 2015; Stöckl et al., 2014). In terms of TDV research and prevention, some single European initiatives have been conducted in recent years. This includes, for example, the comparative study of five European countries on different forms and predictors of TDV by Barter et al. (2017) and Stanley et al. (2018), and an evaluation study of a small-scale prevention program based on a mixed European sample by Vives-Cases et al. (2019). At the same time, there are several research groups, particularly in Spain, that examined intensively the topic of violence in adolescent intimate relationships in recent years (e.g., Fernández-Fuertes et al., 2020; Valdivia-Salas et al., 2021). However, no systematic research agenda has been developed for European countries yet.

中文翻译：

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特刊简介。青少年约会暴力的流行率和预测因素：欧洲视角

1 简介

没有强迫和暴力的恋爱关系是青少年健康发展的重要前提之一。青少年亲密关系中的暴力，进一步定义为青少年约会暴力(TDV)，对青少年的幸福构成真正的威胁。在 20世纪社会和学术界对此问题很少关注之后，TDV 在过去的二十年中得到了越来越多的研究（例如，Exner-Cortens 等人，²⁰¹⁶年；史密斯等人，2015 年），现在被公认为是严重的全球健康问题（例如，McNaughton Reyes 等人，2021 年）。根据疾病控制和预防中心（CDC，2021)，TDV 是一种不利的童年经历，是一种发生在青少年关系中的亲密伴侣暴力行为。TDV 是指身体、性和心理暴力以及跟踪，它可以面对面、在线和/或通过技术发生（CDC，2021 年）。

社会和学术界对该主题日益关注，引发了大量研究，检查其流行程度、预测因素、后果和预防措施（参见 Dardis 等人，2015 年；MacGregor 等人，2019 年；McNaughton Reyes 等人，2021 年；Taquette & Monteiro，2019 年，用于评论；参见 Spencer 等人， 2020、2021年；Wincentak 等人，2017 年，用于荟萃分析）；然而，这些研究主要在北美进行。现有文献表明，TDV 是一个普遍存在的问题，有相当一部分青少年经历和实施。例如，Wincentak 等人的荟萃分析。( 2017) 表明，研究中 TDV 的流行率介于 <1% 和 61% 之间，身体暴力的总体流行率为 20%，性暴力的总体流行率为 9%。考虑到 TDV 与多种健康后遗症有关，例如抑郁症状、药物滥用和（性）危险行为，这些大量数字令人担忧（参见 MacGregor 等人，2019 年；Taquette & Monteiro，2019 年）, 用于评论）。此外，已经解决了广泛的 TDV 受害和犯罪的预测因素，检查了不同级别的因素。特别是，与传记经历相关的因素，如目睹父母暴力或虐待儿童，以及认知和行为因素，如接受暴力、饮酒或过去经历或实施其他形式的暴力，进行了检查，以便远（参见 Dardis 等人，2015年的综述；参见 Spencer 等人，2020 年、2021年的荟萃分析）。

如上所述，这些数据主要来自北美，而关于 TDV 的绝大多数知识都来自这些北美研究。虽然我们知道欧洲也存在 TDV（参见 Leen 等人，2013年的综述），但目前基于欧洲数据的最新证据太少，尚不清楚这种现象是否具有相同的特征，是否相同调解机制可以假定为在北美。例如，Ludin 等人的跨文化研究。( 2018) 检查美国和墨西哥的 TDV 表明，在两个国家样本中，公认的预测变量与 TDV 受害之间的关系强度不同。先前的证据还表明，在其他文化背景下实施最初在美国制定的预防计划并不简单（Hamby 等人，2012 年）。因此，为了更全面地了解 TDV，需要在北美以外进行研究。

在欧洲，与《伊斯坦布尔公约》相对应，过去研究和预防的主要重点是针对妇女的暴力和家庭暴力（欧洲委员会，2021 年）。尽管最近的一项欧洲研究项目提供了 18-29 岁年轻女性在亲密关系中遭受身体暴力和性暴力的流行率（欧盟基本权利机构，2014 年），但这项研究仅关注来自欧洲 28 个成员国的女性。联盟，不包括 18 岁以下的女性青少年。此外，关于青少年和成年女性亲密伴侣暴力的国际多国研究仅考虑了少数欧洲国家（例如，塞尔维亚、乌克兰、摩尔多瓦；Peterman 等人，2015 年） ;Stöckl 等人，2014 年）。在 TDV 研究和预防方面，近年来已经开展了一些单一的欧洲举措。例如，Barter 等人对五个欧洲国家的 TDV 不同形式和预测因素进行了比较研究。（2017 年）和 Stanley 等人。（2018 年），以及 Vives-Cases 等人基于欧洲混合样本的小规模预防计划评估研究。（2019 年）。与此同时，有几个研究小组，特别是在西班牙，近年来对青少年亲密关系中的暴力问题进行了深入研究（例如，Fernández-Fuertes 等人，2020 年；Valdivia-Salas 等人，2021 年））。然而，尚未为欧洲国家制定系统的研究议程。