Agricultural expansion and intensification is a major driver of biodiversity loss. Conventional weed management (e.g. tillage, herbicide) has encouraged the promotion of a few more competitive species over a wide range of arable plants that are now in decline. A reduction in plant diversity would negatively affect the provision of key ecosystem services in agroecosystems. In vineyards, the use of plant covers has emerged as the principal alternative to conventional weed management, providing multiple ecosystem services such as enhance biodiversity, but usually with a decrease in yields in Mediterranean vineyards. This long-term study assessed how weed management (herbicide, mowing, tillage) influenced plant community composition, taxonomic diversity and vineyard yield. Plant surveys and grape yield measurements were carried out from 2015 to 2018 in an experiment established in 2008. Effects on plant community composition were analysed, focusing on two groups: noxious grapevine weeds and terophytic grassland species. In addition, three fundamental components of taxonomic diversity were measured: β-diversity, evenness and species richness. Linear mixed models and generalised linear mixed model were used to examine the response of different variables to weed management. Position (row, inter-row) as well as the indirect effect of adjacent management on the subplots were also included as fixed factors. Furthermore, the percentage of bare soil, related to disturbance degree associated with management, was explored as a potential predictor of taxonomic diversity and vineyard yield. Results indicated that plant community composition was affected by weed management and to a lesser extent by position. Noxious grapevine weeds were more abundant in herbicide-sprayed rows, while terophytic grasslands species showed a higher presence in mown subplots. Weed management had a strong effect on bare soil, which proved to be a good predictor of the variables studied. Indeed, the highest species richness were associated with the lowest percentages of bare soil (mown subplots), while the lowest values were found at high percentages of bare soil (tilled subplots). Herbicide showed intermediate values, with a response dependent on adjacent management. On the other hand, vineyard yields were higher with increased bare soil, although with the consequent loss of species richness. Conversely, mowing in spontaneous plant covers caused a decrease in yield, but still production was within the maximum limit established by the Regulatory Council, while increasing the species richness and a significant presence of therophytic grasslands species. These findings could foster the development of more sustainable management in Mediterranean vineyards.

农业扩张和集约化是生物多样性丧失的主要驱动因素。传统的杂草管理（例如耕作、除草剂）鼓励在范围广泛的现在正在衰退的可耕植物上推广一些更具竞争力的物种。植物多样性的减少将对农业生态系统中关键生态系统服务的提供产生负面影响。在葡萄园中，植物覆盖的使用已成为传统杂草管理的主要替代方法，提供多种生态系统服务，例如增强生物多样性，但通常会降低地中海葡萄园的产量。这项长期研究评估了杂草管理（除草剂、割草、耕作）如何影响植物群落组成、分类多样性和葡萄园产量。在 2008 年建立的一个实验中，从 2015 年到 2018 年进行了植物调查和葡萄产量测量。分析了对植物群落组成的影响，重点关注两类：有毒葡萄藤杂草和特生草原物种。此外，还测量了分类多样性的三个基本组成部分：β-多样性、均匀度和物种丰富度。线性混合模型和广义线性混合模型用于检查不同变量对杂草管理的响应。位置（行，行间）以及相邻管理对子地块的间接影响也作为固定因素包括在内。此外，与管理相关的干扰程度相关的裸土百分比被探索为分类多样性和葡萄园产量的潜在预测指标。结果表明，植物群落组成受杂草管理的影响，受位置影响较小。有害葡萄杂草在喷洒除草剂的行中更为丰富，而特生草原物种在割草的次地块中的含量更高。杂草管理对裸土有很强的影响，这被证明是所研究变量的良好预测指标。事实上，最高的物种丰富度与最低百分比的裸土（割下的子地块）相关，而最低值出现在高百分比的裸土（耕地子地）。除草剂显示中间值，响应取决于相邻管理。另一方面，随着裸露土壤的增加，葡萄园的产量更高，尽管随之而来的是物种丰富度的损失。反过来，在自发的植物覆盖物中割草导致产量下降，但产量仍然在监管委员会规定的最大限制内，同时增加了物种丰富度和大量存在的草本草原物种。这些发现可以促进地中海葡萄园更可持续管理的发展。