Recreational fisheries in the Eastern Tropical Pacific (ETP) have increased in popularity since the 1970s, contributing to the eco-tourism industries of many Central American economies. However, pelagic gamefish face several direct and indirect threats which can affect population health and sustainability. We use daily catch logs from three recreational fishing lodges in Guatemala, Costa Rica, and Panama as records of change in blue marlin (Makaira nigricans) and sailfish (Istiophorus platypterus) sightings per unit effort (SPUE) between 2010 and 2019. Using cross-correlational analysis, we compared billfish SPUE to the El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) Index and local oceanographic conditions (sea surface temperature [SST] and chlorophyll [chl a]) to understand how billfish availability to recreational fishers is related to environmental conditions at different time lags. Blue marlin occurrence was negatively correlated with the ENSO at time lags of 9–22 months in Guatemala and Costa Rica, while sailfish occurrence was positively correlated with ENSO at time lags of 5–10 months in all three regions. Cross-correlations with local SST were similar to ENSO patterns; however, results were unclear and nonsignificant for local chl a. By comparing recreational fisher SPUE to reported catch per unit effort (CPUE) of these two species by the international longline and purse seine fisheries, we show possible offshore movement of fish stocks during the 2016 warming event. Recreational fishing records provide an alternative way to monitor the occurrence of targeted fish species. By determining correlations of these species to environmental conditions, we begin to distinguish the effects of natural variability in the environment, from direct anthropogenic impacts.

中文翻译：

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比目鱼去哪儿了？使用休闲捕捞数据将当地和流域规模的环境条件与东热带太平洋长嘴鱼的发生联系起来

自 1970 年代以来，东热带太平洋 (ETP) 的休闲渔业越来越受欢迎，为许多中美洲经济体的生态旅游业做出了贡献。然而，远洋猎物面临着一些直接和间接的威胁，这些威胁可能会影响种群健康和可持续性。我们使用来自危地马拉、哥斯达黎加和巴拿马的三个休闲钓鱼小屋的每日渔获日志作为 2010 年至 2019 年间蓝枪鱼 ( Makaira nigricans ) 和旗鱼 ( Istiophorus platypterus ) 目击单位努力 (SPUE)的变化记录。相关分析，我们将长嘴鱼 SPUE 与厄尔尼诺南方涛动 (ENSO) 指数和当地海洋条件（海面温度 [SST] 和叶绿素 [chl a]) 了解休闲渔民对长嘴鱼的可用性如何与不同时间滞后的环境条件相关。在危地马拉和哥斯达黎加，蓝枪鱼的发生在 9-22 个月的时滞时与 ENSO 呈负相关，而旗鱼的发生在所有三个地区的时滞为 5-10 个月时与 ENSO 呈正相关。与当地 SST 的互相关与 ENSO 模式相似；然而，对于当地的 chl a，结果不明确且不显着. 通过将休闲渔民的 SPUE 与国际延绳钓和围网渔业报告的这两个物种的单位努力捕获量 (CPUE) 进行比较，我们显示了 2016 年变暖事件期间鱼类种群可能的近海移动。休闲捕鱼记录为监测目标鱼类的出现提供了另一种方法。通过确定这些物种与环境条件的相关性，我们开始将环境中自然变化的影响与直接的人为影响区分开来。