Sugar overconsumption is linked to a rise in the incidence of noncommunicable diseases such as diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, and cancer. This increased incidence is becoming a real public health problem that is more severe than infectious diseases, contributing to 35 million deaths annually. Excessive intake of free sugars can cause many of the same health problems as excessive alcohol consumption. Many recent international recommendations have expressed concerns about sugar consumption in Westernized societies, as current consumption levels represent quantities with no precedent during hominin evolution. In both adults and children, the World Health Organization strongly recommends reducing free sugar intake to <10% of total energy intake and suggests a further reduction to below 5%. Most studies have focused on the deleterious effects of Western dietary patterns on global health and the intestine. Whereas excessive dietary fat consumption is well studied, the specific impact of sugar is poorly described, while refined sugars represent up to 40% of caloric intake within industrialized countries. However, high sugar intake is associated with multiple tissue and organ dysfunctions. Both hyperglycemia and excessive sugar intake disrupt the intestinal barrier, thus increasing gut permeability and causing profound gut microbiota dysbiosis, which results in a disturbance in mucosal immunity that enhances infection susceptibility. This review aims to highlight the roles of different types of dietary carbohydrates and the consequences of their excessive intake for intestinal homeostasis.

糖的过度消费与糖尿病、心血管疾病和癌症等非传染性疾病的发病率上升有关。这种增加的发病率正在成为一个真正的公共卫生问题，比传染病更严重，每年导致 3500 万人死亡。过量摄入游离糖会导致许多与过量饮酒相同的健康问题。许多最近的国际建议都对西方化社会的糖消费表示担忧，因为目前的消费水平代表了人类进化过程中没有先例的数量。在成人和儿童中，世界卫生组织强烈建议将游离糖摄入量减少到总能量摄入量的 10% 以下，并建议进一步减少到 5% 以下。大多数研究都集中在西方饮食模式对全球健康和肠道的有害影响上。尽管对膳食脂肪摄入过多进行了充分研究，但糖的具体影响却鲜为人知，而精制糖在工业化国家中占热量摄入的 40%。然而，高糖摄入与多种组织和器官功能障碍有关。高血糖和过多的糖摄入都会破坏肠道屏障，从而增加肠道通透性并导致严重的肠道微生物群失调，从而导致粘膜免疫紊乱，从而提高感染易感性。这篇综述旨在强调不同类型膳食碳水化合物的作用以及它们过量摄入对肠道稳态的影响。