ABSTRACT

This paper used three participatory methods- children’s drawings, photographs, and group interviews- along with a short questionnaire to explore Grade 6 pupils’ experiences and perceptions of the private tutoring (PT) they had received in Nur-Sultan, Kazakhstan. The questionnaire data suggest that 316 out of 406 (79.87%) attended PT. The qualitative data from 30 pupils reveal that the participants’ motives of having PT ranged from adult-imposed reasons (e.g. complying with parents’ wishes by studying for an elite school place) to reasons associated with achieving their ideal selves by boosting their interest in learning and imagining themselves working/studying abroad or pursuing an international career. The participants acted as proactive agents by explaining not only the PT benefits but also its disadvantages, including the unethical practices of some schoolteachers, increasing tiredness and it being a potentially unfair advantage in a competitive context. This study suggested pedagogical implications and areas for ongoing research.

摘要

本文使用三种参与式方法——儿童绘画、照片和小组访谈——以及一份简短的问卷调查，探讨了 6 年级学生对他们在哈萨克斯坦努尔苏丹接受的私人辅导 (PT) 的体验和看法。问卷数据表明，406 人中有 316 人（79.87%）参加了 PT。来自 30 名学生的定性数据显示，参与者进行 PT 的动机范围从成人强加的原因（例如，通过学习精英学校来满足父母的意愿）到通过提高学习兴趣来实现理想自我的原因。并想象自己在国外工作/学习或追求国际事业。参与者作为积极的代理人，不仅解释了 PT 的好处，还解释了它的缺点，包括一些教师的不道德行为、增加的疲劳以及在竞争环境中潜在的不公平优势。这项研究提出了正在进行的研究的教学意义和领域。