Rice (Oryza sativa L.) is one of the most important crops in the world. Since the completion of rice reference genome sequences, tremendous progress has been achieved in understanding the molecular mechanisms on various rice traits and dissecting the underlying regulatory networks. In this review, we summarize the research progress of rice biology over past decades, including omics, genome-wide association study, phytohormone action, nutrient use, biotic and abiotic responses, photoperiodic flowering, and reproductive development (fertility and sterility). For the roads ahead, cutting-edge technologies such as new genomics methods, high-throughput phenotyping platforms, precise genome-editing tools, environmental microbiome optimization, and synthetic methods will further extend our understanding of unsolved molecular biology questions in rice, and facilitate integrations of the knowledge for agricultural applications.

水稻（Oryza sativaL.) 是世界上最重要的农作物之一。自水稻参考基因组序列完成以来，在了解水稻各种性状的分子机制和剖析潜在的调控网络方面取得了巨大进展。在这篇综述中，我们总结了过去几十年水稻生物学的研究进展，包括组学、全基因组关联研究、植物激素作用、养分利用、生物和非生物反应、光周期开花和生殖发育（生育力和不育性）。在未来的道路上，新的基因组学方法、高通量表型平台、精确的基因组编辑工具、环境微生物组优化和合成方法等尖端技术将进一步扩展我们对水稻中未解决的分子生物学问题的理解，