The current study examined the role of child temperament, parenting, and their interactions in 2- to 6-year-olds’ (n = 112; M_age = 3.82 years, SD = 1.01) moral and social-conventional understanding. Children's judgments regarding hypothetical moral and conventional transgressions were assessed in a semi-structured interview administered on an iPad. Parents reported on their child's temperamental self-regulation (i.e., effortful control) and negative affect, as well as their own parenting practices (hostility and positive affect); children's self-regulatory behavior was assessed during a snack delay task. Parent-rated child effortful control was associated with greater distinctions between moral and conventional judgments, as estimated using latent difference score modeling, but only when parents were high in positive affect. Parental hostility was associated negatively with moral-conventional domain distinctions, but only for children with poorer behavioral self-regulation. Finally, children high in negative affect differentiated moral and social-conventional transgressions more only when they were rated as high in effortful control by parents. The results demonstrated that an interplay between child temperament and parenting was associated with the development of young children's moral and social-conventional understanding.

中文翻译：

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儿童气质、养育方式与幼儿的道德和传统理解之间的关联：自我调节的调节作用

目前的研究考察了 2 至 6 岁儿童的气质、养育方式及其互动的作用（n  = 112；M_年龄 = 3.82 岁，SD = 1.01) 道德和社会传统的理解。在 iPad 上进行的半结构化访谈中评估了儿童对假设的道德和传统违法行为的判断。父母报告了他们孩子的气质自我调节（即努力控制）和负面影响，以及他们自己的育儿实践（敌意和积极影响）；在零食延迟任务中评估了儿童的自我调节行为。父母评定的孩子努力控制与道德和传统判断之间的更大区别相关，正如使用潜在差异评分模型估计的那样，但仅当父母的积极影响较高时。父母的敌意与道德传统领域的区别负相关，但仅适用于行为自我调节较差的儿童。最后，只有当父母努力控制的评价高时，负面影响高的孩子才会更多地区分道德和社会传统的违规行为。结果表明，儿童气质和养育子女之间的相互作用与幼儿道德和社会传统理解的发展有关。